Table 3 Association of selected risk factors with delays of development (univariable logistic regression, Odds Ratios and 95%-confidence intervals, significant associations in bold)
Age | Sex | Nationality | Having siblings | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delays of development | Below 5.49 years | Between 5.50 and 6.50 years | p-value | 6.51 years or older | p-value | Girl | Boy | p-value | German | Non- German | p-value | No | Yes | p-value |
Gross motor skills | 1 | 0.94 (0.76-1.16) | 0.57 | 1.02 (0.73-1.42) | 0.92 | 1 | 2.65 (2.26-3.11) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.35 (1.10-1.66) | 0.004 | 1 | 1.13 (0.93-1.36) | 0.22 |
Fine motor coordination | 1 | 0.47 (0.41-0.54) | <0.0001 | 0.32 (0.24-0.42) | <0,0001 | 1 | 3.22 (2.86-3.63) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.49 (1.28-1.73) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.08 (0.95-1.24) | 0.25 |
Grapho- motor coordination | 1 | 0.47 (0.40-0.54) | <0.0001 | 0.32 (0.24-0.44) | <0.0001 | 1 | 3.11 (2.72-3.54) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.69 (1.44-1.97) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.06 (0.91-1.23) | 0.48 |
Pronunciation | 1 | 0.89 (0.77-1.03) | 0.12 | 0.84 (0.66-1.07) | 0.15 | 1 | 2.06 (1.85-2.28) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.68 (0.57-0.82) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.33 (1.16-1.52) | <0.0001 |
Grammar | 1 | 0.75 (0.59-0.95) | 0.02 | 1.09 (0.76-1.58) | 0.64 | 1 | 1.87 (1.55-2.25) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.78 (2.26-3.41) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.01 (0.80-1.26) | 0.95 |
Rhythm of speech | 1 | 0.98 (0.73-1.32) | 0.89 | 1.30 (0.83-2.01) | 0.25 | 1 | 2.01 (1.68-2.57) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.65 (0.45-0.94) | 0.02 | 1 | 1.02 (0.79-1.32) | 0.86 |
Memory and concentration | 1 | 0.50 (0.44-0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.43 (0.33-0.56) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.44 (1.29-1.61) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.18 (1.84-2.44) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.98 (0.85-1.12) | 0.77 |
Perseverance | 1 | 0.40 (0.37-0.51) | <0.0001 | 0.45 (0.33-0.62) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.47 (1.28-1.69) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.99 (1.67-2.37) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.92 (0.77-1.09) | 0.32 |
Abstraction | 1 | 0.83 (0.63-1.10) | 0.20 | 1.03 (0.67-1.58) | 0.89 | 1 | 1.73 (1.41-2.11) | <0,0001 | 1 | 2.70 (2.15-3.39) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0,95 (0.75-1.22) | 0,70 |
Visual perception | 1 | 0.97 (0.76-1.25) | 0.83 | 1.32 (0.91-1.91) | 0.14 | 1 | 2.11 (1.76-2.53) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.64 (2.16-3.22) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.95 (0.77-1.17) | 0.61 |
Arithmetic | 1 | 0.78 (0.61-0.99) | 0.04 | 0.74 (0.49-1.12) | 0.15 | 1 | 1.38 (1.15-1.64) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.61 (2.11-3.21) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.03 (0.82-1.29) | 0.81 |
Psychosocial development | 1 | 0.48 (0.40-0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.54 (0.40-0.74) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.42 (1.23-1.63) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.73 (1.44-2.08) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.85 (0.72-1.01) | 0.06 |