Table 2 Bivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual- and community-level factors associated with concurrent overweight/obesity and stunting (CSO) among children 0–59 months in Ethiopia, EDHS (2005–2016, n = 23,756)

Individual-level characteristics

 Child factors

  Sex

   Male

187 (1.25)

Ref

   Female

128 (1.01)

0.80 (0.62–1.03)

0.091

  Age (months)

    < 12

127 (1.97)

Ref

   12–23

43 (0.09)

0.46 (0.31–0.67)**

p < 0.001

   24–59

144 (0.09)

0.45 (0.34–0.59)**

p < 0.001

  Birth order

   First born

77 (1.33)

Ref

   2–4

139 (1.09)

0.82 (0.59–1.13)

0.225

   5 or higher

98 (1.07)

0.80 (0.57–1.23)

0.206

  Birth interval

    < 33 months

245 (1.16)

1.09 (0.83–1.45)

0.524

    ≥ 33 months

70 (1.06)

Ref

  Size of a child at birth

   Larger

121 (1.20)

Ref

   Average

115 (1.16)

0.96 (0.71–1.29)

0.797

   Small

77 (1.02)

0.85 (0.61–1.18)

0.342

  Currently breastfeeding

   Yes

249 (1.26)

1.51 (1.12–2.03)*

0.007

   No

65 (0.84)

Ref

  Full vaccination

   Yes

42 (0.82)

Ref

   No

229 (1.36)

1.67 (1.17–2.38)*

0.005

  Diarrhea

   Yes

40 (0.90)

0.77 (0.52–1.14)

0.190

   No

275 (1.17)

Ref

  Fever

   Yes

42 (0.85)

0.71 (0.49–1.03)

0.075

   No

273 (1.19)

Ref

  Children received deworming medication

   Yes

17 (0.39)

Ref

   No

201 (1.02)

2.60 (1.41–4.80)*

0.002

 Parental factors

  Mother's age

    < 18

6 (1.86)

1.65 (0.51–5.34)

0.401

   18–24

114 (1.36)

1.20 (0.85–1.70)

0.296

   25–34

133 (1.01)

0.89 (0.65–1.22)

0.477

    ≥ 35

61 (1.14)

Ref

  Mother's education

   No education

210 (1.17)

1.09 (0.83–1.44)

0.507

   Primary and above

105 (1.06)

Ref

  Mother's occupation

   Not working

174 (1.19)

1.30 (0.93–1.83)

0.128

   Agriculture

86 (1.22)

1.34 (0.89–2.01)

0.157

   Non agriculture

54 (0.91)

Ref

  ANC Visit

   None

140 (1.47)

1.54 (1.06–2.22)*

0.022

   1–3

73 (1.15)

1.20 (0.78–1.86)

0.405

   4 + 

41 (0.96)

Ref

  Maternal BMI (kg/m²)

    < 18.5

54 (0.95)

Ref

   18.5 to 24.9

232 (1.16)

1.22 (0.89–1.66)

0.216

   25 + 

22 (1.35)

1.44 (0.86–2.40)

0.162

  Any anemia

   Yes

78 (1.13)

1.02 (0.77–1.34)

0.911

   No

218 (1.11)

Ref

  Maternal stature

   Normal

188 (1.14)

Ref

   Short

109 (1.06)

0.93 (0.70–1.22)

0.593

   Very short

10 (1.47)

1.29 (0.56–2.94)

0.540

  Listening to radio

   Yes

101 (0.94)

Ref

   Not at all

213 (1.23)

1.31 (0.99–1.72)

0.057

  Watching television

   Yes

53 (0.78)

Ref

  Not at all

261 (1.22)

1.55 (1.11–2.19)*

0.011

 Household factors

  Wealth index

   Poor

156 (1.21)

1.07 (0.81–1.41)

0.621

   Middle

46 (0.90)

0.79 (0.53–1.20)

0.286

   Rich

112 (1.12)

Ref

  Household size

   1–4

99 (1.30)

1.22 (0.92–1.60)

0.158

    ≥ 5

216 (1.09)

Ref

  Type of cooking fuel

   Clean fuels

6 (0.08)

Ref

   Solid fuels

307 (1.15)

1.33 (0.59–3.01)

0.492

  Toilet facility

   Improved

36 (1.15)

Ref

   Unimproved

276 (1.16)

0.96 (0.68–1.36)

0.859

  Source of drinking water

   Improved

162 (1.34)

Ref

   Unimproved

150 (1.02)

0.72 (0.56–0.93)*

0.013

  Household flooring

   Improved

14 (0.64)

Ref

   Unimproved

301 (1.22)

2.30 (1.41–3.78)*

0.001

  Time to get a water source

   On premise

17 (0.79)

Ref

    ≤ 30 min

193 (1.25)

1.58 (0.98–2.54)*

0.057

   31–60 min

57 (0.97)

1.22 (0.71–2.10)

0.458

    > 60 min

47 (1.18)

1.49 (0.88–2.51)

0.132

 Community-level characteristic

  Residence

   Urban

24 (0.97)

Ref

   Rural

289 (1.16)

1.19 (0.83–1.69)

0.345

  Region

   Large centrals

292 (1.12)

1.53 (1.01–2.34)*

0.048

   Small peripherals

19 (1.40)

1.39 (0.89–2.18)

0.142

   Metropolis

4 (0.81)

Ref

  Ecological zone

   Tropical zone

34 (0.91)

0.88 (0.54–1.46)

0.634

   Subtropical zone

241 (1.30)

1.28 (0.80–2.06)

0.298

   Cool zone

40 (1.02)

Ref

  Survey year

   EDHS-2005

101 (2.46)

2.73 (2.01–3.70)*

p < 0.001

   EDHS-2011

86 (0.83)

0.92 (0.67–1.26)

0.620

   EDHS-2016

127 (0.91)

Ref