Table 2 Associations of GWG with preterm birth, post-term birth, and total adverse outcome

Levels of weight-gain-for-gestational-age z-scores

 Quantile 1

1.24 (1.22–1.25)

< 0.001

1.04 (1.03–1.05)

< 0.001

1.19 (1.17–1.21)

< 0.001

1.18 (1.16–1.19)

< 0.001

1.19 (1.18–1.20)

< 0.001

1.06 (1.05–1.07)

< 0.001

 Quantile 2

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Quantile 3

1.34 (1.32–1.35)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.41–1.44)

< 0.001

0.85 (0.84–0.86)

< 0.001

0.84 (0.83–0.85)

< 0.001

1.13 (1.12–1.14)

< 0.001

1.17 (1.16–1.18)

< 0.001

 Quantile 4

2.68 (2.65–2.71)

< 0.001

2.79 (2.76–2.82)

< 0.001

0.62 (0.61–0.63)

< 0.001

0.59 (0.58–0.60)

< 0.001

1.77 (1.76–1.79)

< 0.001

1.77 (1.75–1.78)

< 0.001

Weight-gain-for-gestational-age z-scores

4.26 (4.19–4.33)

< 0.001

5.46 (5.37–5.55)

< 0.001

0.51 (0.50–0.52)

< 0.001

0.49 (0.48–0.50)

< 0.001

1.93 (1.90–1.95)

< 0.001

2.31 (2.28–2.34)

< 0.001