Known risk factors of the developmental dysplasia of the hip predicting more severe clinical presentation and failure of Pavlik harness treatment

Table 3 Risk factor analysis for undergoing spica casting or operative treatment

Risk factor (n)		casting/operation	p value	OR (CI (95%))
Ortolan +	Yes (389)	28 (7.2%)	0.002	2.613 (1.394–4.899)
Ortolan +	No (555)	16 (2.9%)
Detection age	Under six weeks (863)	26 (2.9%)	< 0.001
	Six weeks to three months (27)	5 (18.5%)
	Over three months (28)	14 (50%)
Gender	F (685)	39 (5.7%)	0.029	2.556 (1.069–6.111)
Gender	M (260)	6 (2.3%)
Breech presentation	Yes (309)	11 (3.6%)	0.291
Breech presentation	No (628)	32 (5.1%)
Firstborn	Yes (202)	9 (4.5%)	0.067
Firstborn	No (121)	1 (0.8%)
Positive family history	Yes (138)	10 (7.2%)	0.013	2.845 (1.201–6.737)
Positive family history	No (449)	12 (2.7%)
Pregnancy duration	Pre-term (37)	2 (5.4%)	0.794
Pregnancy duration	Full-term (890)	40 (4.5%)
Birth weight			0.853

Birth weight and casting/operation were evaluated using T-test for comparing means. Mean weight in children who underwent casting/operation was 3472 g and 3496 g in children who did not. All of the other comparisons are made using cross-tabulations with chi-square statistics

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