Table 3 Odds ratios and confidence intervals for maternal, household, child and health system factors affecting anaemia levels in children under age five (mild, moderate, and severe anaemia): Results from a multinomial logistic regression model

Educational Level of mother

Exp β [95% C.I]

Exp β [95% C.I]

Exp β [95% C.I]

Exp β [95% C.I]

Exp β [95% C.I]

Exp β [95% C.I]

 No Education

1.11 [0.32–3.83]

1.10 [0.73–1.68]

1.09 [0.30–3.94]

1.19 [0.77–1.83]

 Primary

0.40 [0.11–1.52]

0.94 [0.65–1.34]

0.41 [0.10–1.65]

0.98 [0.68–1.42]

 Secondary + (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Place of residence of mother

 Urban

2.78 [0.97–7.93]

1.00 [0.74–1.35]

3.00 [1.00–9.04]

0.99 [0.73–1.36]

 Rural (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Ecological zone of residence of mother

 Coastal zone

1.11 [0.37–3.30]

0.75 [0.50–1.11]

1.09 [0.37–3.21]

0.77 [0.51–1.16]

 Middle Belt

0.61 [0.18–2.06]

0.76 [0.51–1.13]

0.61 [0.18–2.10]

0.77 [0.51–1.17]

 Northern zone (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Religious affiliation of mother

 Catholic

0.61 [0.12–3.16]

0.59 [0.25–1.38]

0.55 [0.10–3.13]

0.45 [0.19–1.07]

 Protestant

0.36 [0.06–2.29]

0.87 [0.39–1.95]

0.26 [0.04–1.83]

0.73 [0.32–1.66]

 Pentecostal/Charismatic

0.18 [0.04–0.80]*

0.72 [0.34–1.51]

0.15 [0.03–0.70]*

0.60 [0.28–1.29]

 Other Christian

0.50 [0.10–2.46]

0.75 [0.34–1.66]

0.42 [0.08–2.19]

0.63 [0.28–1.41]

 Moslem

0.50 [0.12–2.08]

0.88 [0.41–1.88]

0.46 [0.10–2.04]

0.72 [0.33–1.56]

 Traditional/Spiritualist

0.15 [0.01–3.81]

0.45 [0.15–1.34]

0.13 [0.01–3.40]

0.42 [0.14–1.27]

 No religion (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Literacy level of mothers

 Illiterate

0.76 [0.23–2.44]

1.11 [0.79–1.56]

0.72 [0.21–2.45]

1.14 [0.81–1.61]

 Literate (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Household related factors

Source of drinking water

 Improved

0.53 [0.22–1.26]

0.81 [0.56–1.17]

0.51 [0.21–1.24]

0.82 [0.56–1.20]

 Unimproved (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Type of toilet facility

 Improved

0.76[0.33–1.71]

1.03[0.78–1.36]

0.76[0.33–1.74]

1.06[0.80–1.40]

 Unimproved (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Type of cooking fuel

 Liquefied Petroleum Gas

0.84[0.96–5.12]

1.29[0.51–3.29]

0.49 [0.21–1.43]

1.34[0.52–3.49]

 Charcoal

0.48[0.06–3.74]

1.07[0.46–2.47]

0.41[0.05–3.26]

1.06[0.45–2.49]

 Fuel wood

0.67[0.12–3.64]

1.18[0.53–2.60]

0.62 [0.11–3.46]

1.24[0.55–2.77]

 Other cooking fuel (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Household wealth index

 Poorest

0.27[0.10–0.64]

2.11[1.05–4.24]*

0.21[0.01–2.79]

2.36[1.15–4.84]*

 Poorer

0.37[0.26. 0.75]

1.95[1.05–3.65]*

0.37[0.17–4.12]

2.20[1.16–4.18]*

 Middle

0.54[0.38–0.92]

1.91[1.08–3.40]*

0.68[0.43–5.10]

2.05[1.14–3.71]*

 Richer

0.52[0.46–0.98]

1.45[0.86–2.45]

0.11[0.03–3.13]

1.65[0.97–2.82]

 Richest (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Child related factors

Current age of child

 Less than 12 months

0.89[0.22–3.60]

2.21[1.50–3.25]***

0.82[0.19–3.59]

2.29[1.53–3.42]***

 1–2 years

1.56[0.66–3.66]

1.84[1.39–2.43]***

1.52[0.60–3.82]

1.83[1.38–2.44]***

 3–4 years (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Child Malaria Status

 Child tested negative for malaria

0.28[0.12–0.65]**

0.76[0.51–1.12]

0.28[0.11–0.69]**

0.78[0.53–1.17]

 Child tested positive for malaria (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Health System related factors

Number of antenatal visits during pregnancy

 No ANC visits

0.57[0.12–2.63]

1.25[0.70–2.22]

0.29[0.06–1.49]

1.00[0.55–1.81]

 1–3 visits

0.53[0.10–2.88]

0.75[0.46–1.22]

0.37[0.06–2.22]

0.62[0.37–1.02]

 4 + visits (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Took SP during pregnancy at health facility

 Did not take SP

1.44[0.38–5.48]

0.66[0.39–1.12]

2.07[0.50–8.67]

0.70[0.41–1.20]

 Took SP (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Awareness of NHIS coverage of malaria

 Not Aware

2.41[1.16–5.01]*

1.28[0.98–1.67]

2.60[1.19–5.67]*

1.28[0.97–1.68]

 Aware (RC)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00