Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis results of both individual-level and community-level factors associated with healthcare-seeking behavior in East Africa

Age of mothers

15–24

1.00

1.00

25–34

0.94 (0.84- 1.06)

–––––––-

0.94 (0.84—1.06)

35–49

0.97 (0.82- 1.14)

–––––––-

0.96 (0.82—1.14)

Mothers educational level

No education

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Primary education

1.63 (1.47- 1.82)***

–––––––-

1.62 (1.45—1.82)***

Secondary and above

2.01 (1.74- 2.33)***

–––––––-

1.98 (1.70—2.32)***

Mothers occupation

Not working

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Working

1.34 (1.20- 1.48)***

–––––––-

1.33 (1.20—1.48)***

Mothers marital status

Married

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Not married

1.16 (1.07—1.29)***

–––––––-

1.15 (1.04—1.27)**

Number of a household member

1–4

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

5–10

1.07 (0.97—1.19)

–––––––-

1.09 (0.99—1.21)

> 10

1.53 (1.21—1.92)**

–––––––-

1.53 (1.22—1.92)***

Media access

No

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Yes

1.46 (1.33—1.61)***

–––––––-

1.43 (1.20—1.58)***

Wealth index

Poor

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Middle

0.94 (0.85—1.04)

–––––––-

0.89 (0.79- 1.01)

Rich

1.37 (1.28—1.47)***

–––––––-

1.39 (1.29—1.51)**

Age of child

0–6

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

7–23

1.54 (1.34—1.78)***

–––––––-

1.59 (1.39—1.82)***

24–59

1.09 (0.97—1.22)

–––––––-

1.25 (1.10—1.41)*

Sex of child

Male

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Female

0.93 (0.86—1.01)

–––––––-

0.94 (0.87—1.02)

Distance to a health facility

Big problem

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Not big problem

1.13 (1.02—1.21)***

–––––––-

1.11 (1.01—1.20)*

Place of delivery

Home

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Health facilities

1.72 (1.55—1.90)***

–––––––-

1.77 (1.60—1.95)***

Sex of household head

Male

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Female

1.02 (0.92—1.12)

–––––––-

1.01 (0.90—1.11)

Birth order

First

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

2–4

1.09 (0.96—1.23)

–––––––-

1.08 (0.95—1.22)

5 +

1.08 (0.91—1.28)

–––––––-

1.06 (0.89—1.26)

Health insurance status

Insured

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Uninsured

0.99 (0.87—1.13)

–––––––-

0.97 (0.85—1.11)

Twin status

Single birth

1.00

–––––––-

1.00

Multiple births

1.22 (0.94—1.58)

–––––––-

1.21 (0.93—1.58)

Community level variables

Residence

Rural

–––––––-

1.00

1.00

Urban

–––––––-

1.70 (1.65- 1.80)***

1.53 (1.40- 1.66)***

Community-level media usage

Low

–––––––-

1

1.00

High

–––––––-

1.23 (1.09- 1.39)**

1.63 (1.49 -1.79)**

Community-level women education

Low

–––––––-

1.00

1.00

High

–––––––-

1.21 (1.07- 1.36)**

1.51 (1.39- 1.66)**

Community poverty

Low

–––––––-

1.00

1.00

High

–––––––-

1.02 (0.89—1.11)

1.09 (0.94—1.20)

Random effect

Variance

0.43

0.42

0.39

0.34

ICC

0.12

0.11

0.10

0.09

MOR

1.69

1.66

1.52

1.50

PCV

Reff

2.38

10.26

26.47

Model comparison

Log likelihood ratio

-8795

-6990

-8756

-6988

Deviance

17,590

13,980

17,512

13,976

Mean VIF

1.62

1.06

1.60