Table 2 Participant characteristics by frequency of infant consumption of cheese at 1 year of age
Cheese consumption at 1 year of age, times/week | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 1 | 1–2 | ≥ 3 | |||||||
(n = 30,614) | (n = 26,178) | (n = 8,418) | |||||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||||
Mother’s age at childbirth | |||||||||
Mean ± SD, y | 31.6 ± 4.79 | 31.5 ± 4.82 | 32.0 ± 4.75 | ||||||
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m 2 | |||||||||
< 18.5 | 1,592 | (5.2) | 1,218 | (4.7) | 460 | (5.5) | |||
18.5 to < 25 | 24,373 | (79.6) | 21,050 | (80.4) | 6,777 | (80.5) | |||
≥ 25 | 4,649 | (15.2) | 3,910 | (14.9) | 1,181 | (14.0) | |||
Parity | |||||||||
Primiparous | 12,277 | (40.1) | 10,933 | (41.8) | 4,129 | (49.1) | |||
Multiparous | 18,337 | (59.9) | 15,245 | (58.2) | 4,289 | (51.0) | |||
Highest education level, y | |||||||||
≤ 12 | 9,974 | (32.6) | 8,650 | (33.0) | 2,289 | (27.2) | |||
12 to < 16 | 13,248 | (43.3) | 11,393 | (43.5) | 3,742 | (44.5) | |||
≥ 16 | 7,392 | (24.2) | 6,135 | (23.4) | 2,387 | (28.4) | |||
Annual household income, JPY | |||||||||
< 4 million | 12,044 | (39.3) | 9,833 | (37.6) | 2,921 | (34.7) | |||
4 to < 6 million | 10,266 | (33.5) | 8,929 | (34.1) | 2,899 | (34.4) | |||
≥ 6 million | 8,304 | (27.1) | 7,416 | (28.3) | 2,598 | (30.9) | |||
Marital status | |||||||||
Married | 30,229 | (98.7) | 25,809 | (98.6) | 8,316 | (98.8) | |||
Divorced or widowed | 385 | (1.3) | 369 | (1.4) | 102 | (1.2) | |||
Alcohol intake | |||||||||
Never | 28,337 | (92.6) | 23,831 | (91.0) | 7,717 | (91.7) | |||
Former | 1,238 | (4.0) | 1,198 | (4.6) | 408 | (4.9) | |||
Current | 1,039 | (3.4) | 1,149 | (4.4) | 293 | (3.5) | |||
Smoking history | |||||||||
Never | 19,205 | (62.7) | 15,622 | (59.7) | 5,260 | (62.5) | |||
Quit | 10,489 | (34.3) | 9,645 | (36.8) | 2,972 | (35.3) | |||
Current | 920 | (3.0) | 911 | (3.5) | 186 | (2.2) | |||
Employed | |||||||||
No | 15,911 | (52.0) | 13,175 | (50.3) | 4,739 | (56.3) | |||
Yes | 14,703 | (48.0) | 13,003 | (49.7) | 3,679 | (43.7) | |||
Cesarean section | |||||||||
No | 24,943 | (81.5) | 21,365 | (81.6) | 6,908 | (82.1) | |||
Yes | 5,671 | (18.5) | 4,813 | (18.4) | 1,510 | (17.9) | |||
Gestational weeks | |||||||||
Mean ± SD, weeks | 39.2 ± 1.56 | 39.3 ± 1.41 | 39.3 ± 1.36 | ||||||
Birth weight | |||||||||
Mean ± SD, kg | 3029 ± 415.7 | 3032 ± 399.1 | 3028 ± 385.6 | ||||||
Infant sex | |||||||||
Male | 15,646 | (51.1) | 13,319 | (50.9) | 4,316 | (51.3) | |||
Female | 14,968 | (48.9) | 12,859 | (49.1) | 4,102 | (48.7) | |||
Major congenital anomaly | |||||||||
No | 29,913 | (97.7) | 25,625 | (97.9) | 8,226 | (97.7) | |||
Yes | 701 | (2.3) | 553 | (2.1) | 192 | (2.3) | |||
Birth season | |||||||||
Spring (months 3–5) | 6,927 | (22.6) | 6,332 | (24.2) | 2,010 | (23.9) | |||
Summer (months 6–8) | 8,036 | (26.3) | 7,264 | (27.8) | 2,348 | (27.9) | |||
Fall (months 9–11) | 8,655 | (28.3) | 6,959 | (26.6) | 2,216 | (26.3) | |||
Winter (months 12–2) | 6,996 | (22.9) | 5,623 | (21.5) | 1,844 | (21.9) | |||
Night crying at 1 year of age | |||||||||
No | 15,758 | (51.5) | 13,492 | (51.5) | 4,289 | (51.0) | |||
Yes | 14,856 | (48.5) | 12,686 | (48.5) | 4,129 | (49.1) | |||
Nursery attendance at 1 year of age | |||||||||
No | 22,601 | (73.8) | 18,634 | (71.2) | 6,617 | (78.6) | |||
Yes | 8,013 | (26.2) | 7,544 | (28.8) | 1,801 | (21.4) | |||