A single-arm pilot study: can a parental sleep intervention for sleep-disturbed young children in individual settings improve children’s sleep, crying, eating, and parental distress in mothers and fathers?

Table 3 Results of Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for pre-, post-, and follow-up intervention differences

	T1 – T2			T1 – T3			T1 – T4			T1 – T5
	n	z	r	n	z	r	n	z	r	n	z	r
children’s sleeping
SOL	36	−2.22*	0.37	25	−2.34*	0.47	18	−1.81	0.43	14	−1.35	0.36
FNW	36	−3.18**	0.53	25	−3.37**	0.67	18	−3.51***	0.83	14	−2.34*	0.63
DNW	36	−3.65***	0.61	25	−2.76**	0.55	18	−3.72***	0.88	13	−3.11**	0.86
TSD	36	2.48*	0.41	25	1.12	0.22	18	1.59	0.37	13	0.52	0.15
SE	36	3.69***	0.62	25	3.22**	0.64	18	3.42**	0.81	13	2.59*	0.72
BS	35	−2.89**	0.49	25	−3.36**	0.67	18	−2.04*	0.48	14	−0.76	0.20
NFI	36	−3.07**	0.51	25	−2.47*	0.49	18	−3.42**	0.81	14	−3.08**	0.82
children’s crying
FRQ	35	−2.28*	0.38	24	−3.01**	0.62	19	−1.40	0.32	14	−1.30	0.35
UUC	35	−1.86*	0.31	24	−2.01*	0.41	18	−0.82	0.19	14	1.62	0.43
DEF	34	1.17	0.20	24	0.72	0.15	19	1.05	0.24	14	2.16*	0.58
children’s eating
EAT	33	−1.65	0.29	24	−0.32	0.06	17	−2.49*	0.60	14	−1.64	0.44
parental distress
PD-M	33	−2.95**	0.51	23	−1.57	0.33	16	−0.80	0.20	13	−0.74	0.20
PD-F	27	−1.21	0.23	18	−2.89**	0.68	14	−2.13*	0.57	11	−0.71	0.21

Pre-post and follow-up analyses of the children’s sleep, crying, eating, and parental distress parameters. Z stands for the z-scores of the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. P-values are one-tailed due to the directional hypotheses and are Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
Abbreviations: T1 Pre, T2 Post, T3 Three months, T4 Six months, T5 Twelve months follow-up, SOL Sleep onset latency, FNW Frequency of nightly awakening, DNW Duration of nightly awakening, TSD Total nightly sleep duration, SE Sleep efficiency, BS Bed-sharing, NFI Nightly food intake, FRQ Crying frequency, UUC Unexplained and unsoothable crying, DEF Crying due to defiance, EAT Difficulties in eating behavior, PD-M Parental distress of mothers, PD-F Parental distress of fathers

ISSN: 1471-2431