Impact of tight glycemic control and hypoglycemia after pediatric cardiac surgery on neurodevelopmental outcomes at three years of age: Findings from a randomized clinical trial

Table 4 Patient Characteristics and Three-Year-Old Neurodevelopmental Outcomes for Patients Without a Genetic Anomaly According to Hypoglycemia Status

Variable	Moderate to severe hypoglycemia (n = 6)	No to mild hypoglycemia (n = 163)	p^a
*Patient characteristics*
Age at surgery, median (IQR), mo	0.3 (0.2–0.6)	3.8 (0.6–7.4)	0.08
≤ 60 d, n (%)	5 (83)	55 (34)	0.03
RACHS-1 category ≥ 3 or not assignable, n (%)	6 (100)	84 (52)	0.03
Single ventricle physiology, n (%)	1 (17)	43 (27)	0.67
Premature birth (< 37 weeks), n (%)^b	2 (33)	17 (10)	0.14
Maternal education: high school diploma or lower, n (%)^c	2 (33)	37 (23)	0.63
Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass ≥ 150 min, n (%)	3 (50)	31 (19)	0.07
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, n (%)	1 (17)	29 (18)	0.99
Delayed sternal closure, n (%)	2 (33)	18 (11)	0.15
Tight glycemic control, n (%)	4 (67)	68 (42)	0.40
Cardiac ICU duration of stay, n (%), d			0.003
< 2	0	65 (40)
2–4.99	1 (17)	60 (37)
≥ 5	5 (83)	38 (23)
*Bayley-III scores*^d
Age at testing, mean ± SD, mo	38.2 ± 2.6	36.9 ± 2.6	0.15
Composite scores, mean ± SD
Cognitive	93.0 ± 9.1	99.2 ± 11.8	0.27
Language	101.4 ± 13.5	105.0 ± 14.5	0.57
Motor	87.7 ± 20.4	96.6 ± 13.8	0.15
Subscale scores, mean ± SD
Cognitive	8.6 ± 1.8	9.8 ± 2.4	0.27
Receptive communication	10.8 ± 2.2	11.0 ± 2.5	0.86
Expressive communication	9.2 ± 2.5	10.6 ± 2.7	0.18
Fine motor	9.0 ± 3.0	10.0 ± 2.5	0.41
Gross motor	6.8 ± 4.2	8.8 ± 2.5	0.07

Bayley-III Bayley scales of infant and toddler development, third edition, RACHS-1 Risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery
^ap values for the comparison between groups were calculated with the use of linear regression for continuous variables (except stratified Wilcoxon rank-sum test for age at surgery) or stratified exact tests for categorical variables, with adjustment for site
^b Premature birth not available for 1 patient with no to mild hypoglycemia (adopted, birth history unknown)
^c Maternal education not available for 4 patients with no to mild hypoglycemia
^d Bayley-III cognitive and language composite scores and cognitive and receptive language subscale scores were not available for 1 patient with moderate to severe hypoglycemia. Bayley-III motor composite score and gross motor subscale score were not available for 1 patient with no to mild hypoglycemia

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