Table 1 Clinical, anthropometric and biochemical data of mothers in the 2^nd trimester of pregnancy

Age (years)

33 (31–35)

31 (29–33)

NS

Age (years)

33 (31–34)

31 (29–34)

NS

Primipara

50%

54%

NS

Primipara

18.2%

58%

0.018

Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m²)

24.4 (22.7–27.7)

22.6 (20.0–24.8)

0.019

Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m²)

34.4 (30–34.9)

22.7 (20.1–24.4)

 < 1 × 10^–6

Obesity (BMI above 30 kg/m²)

23.1%

9.5%

NS

GDM

54.5%

25.6%

0.048

  Diabetes mellitus in family anamnesis

81%

74.1%

NS

Diabetes mellitus in family anamnesis

82%

65.4%

NS

  Stop-smoker

28.6%

7.8%

0.012

Stop-smoker

45.5%

11.5%

0.004

  Breastfeeding (months)^a

6 (3–22)

12 (8–17)

NS

Breastfeeding (months)

9.5 (6–22)

12 (6–17)

NS