Table 3 Quality assessment of observational studies by modified Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale
From: Systematic literature review on surgical site preparation in paediatric surgery
Item | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Selection | Comparability a | Outcome/Exposure | Power | ||||||
Cohort studies | ||||||||||
Representativeness of the exposed cohort (Maximum★) | Selection of non-exposed cohort (Maximum★) | Ascertainment of exposure (Maximum★) | Demonstration that the current outcome of interest was not present at the start of the study (Maximum★) | Comparability of cohorts on basis of the design analysis (Maximum★★) | Assessment of outcome (Maximum★) | Length of follow-up (Maximum★) | Adequacy of follow-up (Maximum★) | Total score (out of nine) | ||
Lubega et al. (2017) [37] | ★ | ★ | ★ | - | - | - | ★ | - | 4 | Underpowered |
Chang et al. (2011) | ★ | ★ | ★ | - | - | ★ | ★ | - | 5 | Underpowered |
Bashyal et al. (2009) [34] | ★ | ★ | ★ | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | Underpowered |
Case control studies | ||||||||||
Adequate case definition (Maximum★) | Representativeness of the cases (Maximum★) | Selection of controls (Maximum★) | Definition of controls (Maximum★) | Comparability of cohorts on basis of the design analysis (Maximum★★) | Ascertainment of exposure | Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls | Non-Response rate | Total score (out of seven) | ||
Rojo et al. (2012) [35] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | - | 8 | Underpowered |
Mc Cray et al. (1986) [33] | - | ★ | ★ | - | - | - | 4 | Underpowered | ||
Bucher et al. (2011) [42] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | - | 8 | Underpowered |