Table 3 Associations between deprivation indices and congenital heart disease by rural or urban residence
Variable | Urban residence | Rural residence |
|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR | Adjusted OR | |
Material deprivation indexa | ||
 1 (lowest) | Reference | Reference |
 2 | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) |
 3 | 1.11 (1.03–1.2) | 1.17 (0.97–1.41) |
 4 | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | 1.04 (0.84–1.28) |
 5 (highest) | 1.20 (1.11–1.29) | 1.30 (1.06–1.61) |
Social deprivation indexb | ||
 1 (lowest) | Reference | Reference |
 2 | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) |
 3 | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) |
 4 | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) |
 5 (highest) | 1.20 (1.11–1.29) | 0.68 (0.37–1.24) |
Maternal age at birth | ||
  < 30 years | Reference | Reference |
 30–34 years | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 1.05 (0.91–1.2) |
  > 35 years | 1.25 (1.18–1.33) | 1.4 (1.20–1.64) |
Obesity | ||
 Yes | 1.29 (1.22–1.37) | 1.15 (0.99–1.32) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
 Unknown | 1.13 (1.06–1.22) | 1.10 (0.90–1.34) |
ART derived pregnancy | ||
 Yes | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) | 0.90 (0.62–1.32) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
Smoking, alcohol or drug use during pregnancy | ||
 Yes | 1.31 (1.23–1.4) | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
All types of mental health illness in pre-pregnancy or during pregnancy | ||
 Yes | 1.22 (1.15–1.30) | 1.26 (1.10–1.45) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
Pre-pregnancy maternal health conditions | ||
 Yes | 1.74 (1.66–1.83) | 1.68 (1.48–1.92) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
Infant sex | ||
 Male | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) |
 Female | Reference | Reference |