Table 1 Sample characteristics by study site
Characteristic | Hong Kong (China) n = 164 | Houston (USA) n = 82 | Between-city differences p-values |
|---|---|---|---|
Child’s characteristics | |||
Sex, count (%) | Â | Â | .939 |
 Male | 91 (55.5%) | 45 (54.9%) |  |
 Female | 73 (44.5%) | 37 (45.1%) |  |
Age (years), M (SD) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.6) | .135 |
Attending preschool, count (%) | 164 (100%) | 57 (69.5%) | <.001 |
No. of hours spent outside the home in childcare, day care, preschool, count % | Â | Â | <.001 |
 None | 0 (0%) | 25 (30.5%) |  |
 Up to 10 hours per week | 11 (6.7%) | 12 (14.6%) |  |
 11–20 hours per week | 59 (36.0%) | 12 (14.6%) |  |
 >20 hours per week | 94 (57.3%) | 33 (40.2%) |  |
Caregiver’s characteristics | |||
Sex, count (%) | Â | Â | .012 |
 Male | 23 (14.0%) | 0 (0%) |  |
 Female | 141 (86.0%) | 82 (100%) |  |
Age (years), M (SD) | 37.6 (5.4) | 32.8 (6.7) | <.001 |
Relationship to child, count (%) | Â | Â | <.001 |
 Mother | 138 (84.1%) | 79 (96.3%) |  |
 Father | 22 (13.4%) | 0 (0%) |  |
 Others (female or male relative) | 4 (7.8%) | 3 (3.7%) |  |
Education, count (%) | Â | Â | <.001 |
 Less than high school | 63 (38.4%) | 25 (30.5%) |  |
 Completed high school | 32 (19.5%) | 41 (50.0%) |  |
 Tertiary education | 69 (42.1%) | 16 (19.5%) |  |
Employment status, count (%) | Â | Â | <.001 |
 Not working | 73 (44.5%) | 51 (62.2%) |  |
 Employed, part-time | 14 (8.5%) | 14 (17.1%) |  |
 Employed, full-time | 44 (26.8%) | 15 (18.3%) |  |
 Employed, more than full-time | 33 (20.1%) | 2 (2.4%) |  |
Household characteristics | |||
No. of adults (≥19 years), count (%) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.2 (0.90) | .151 |
No. of children (≤18 years), count (%) | 1.8 (0.8) | 2.9 (1.4) | <.001 |
Highest education, count (%) | Â | Â | <.001 |
 Less than high school | 48 (29.3%) | 19 (23.2%) |  |
 Completed high school | 34 (20.7%) | 47 (57.3%) |  |
 Tertiary education | 82 (50.0%) | 16 (19.5%) |  |