Table 2 Association of independent variables with under five mortality (weighted) in Zambia
Variables | N (%) 29,274 | Pooled U5M | X2 -value | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alive (%) | Dead (%) | ||||
27,453 | 1821 | ||||
Survey year | 56.03 | < 0.001 | |||
2007 | 6467 (22.4) | 5844 (90.0) | 623 (10.0) | ||
2013–14 | 13,251 (45.3) | 12,510 (94.3) | 741 (5.7) | ||
2018 | 9556 (32.4) | 9099 (95.1) | 457 (4.9) | ||
Maternal Factors | |||||
Maternal age | 1.71 | 0.132 | |||
15–19 | 2204 (7.4) | 2062 (93.6) | 142 (6.4) | ||
20–24 | 7399 (25.2) | 6895 (93.2) | 504 (6.8) | ||
25–29 | 7530 (25.7) | 7096 (94.2) | 434 (5.8) | ||
30–34 | 5909 (20.1) | 5566 (94.2) | 343 (5.8) | ||
35–39 | 3856 (13.6) | 3630 (94.1) | 226 (5.9) | ||
40–49 | 2376 (8.0) | 2204 (92.7) | 172 (7.3) | ||
Marital status | 0.24 | 0.622 | |||
Not married | 2715 (8.4) | 2558 (94.2) | 157 (5.8) | ||
Married | 26,559 (91.6) | 24,895 (93.7) | 1664 (6.3) | ||
Maternal education | 3.09 | 0.047 | |||
No education | 3372 (11.4) | 3138 (93.1) | 234 (6.9) | ||
Primary | 16,388 (56.1) | 15,354 (93.7) | 1034 (6.3) | ||
Secondary & higher | 9503 (32.5) | 8951 (94.2) | 552 (5.8) | ||
Maternal occupation | 0.25 | 0.612 | |||
Not working | 11,928 (42.4) | 11,176 (93.7) | 752 (6.3) | ||
Working | 17,121 (57.6) | 16,065 (93.8) | 1056 (6.2) | ||
Wealth index | 1.35 | 0.251 | |||
Poorest | 7300 (24.5) | 6850 (93.8) | 450 (6.2) | ||
Poorer | 6898 (22.6) | 6495 (94.2) | 403 (5.8) | ||
Middle | 6364 (20.0) | 5956 (93.6) | 408 (6.4) | ||
Richer | 5015 (18.2) | 4673 (93.2) | 342 (6.8) | ||
Richest | 3697 (14.7) | 3479 (94.1) | 218 (5.9) | ||
Place of residence | 0.68 | 0.409 | |||
Urban | 9815 (33.2) | 9160 (93.3) | 655 (6.7) | ||
Rural | 19,459 (66.8) | 18,293 (94.0) | 1166 (6.0) | ||
ANC | 576.9 | < 0.001 | |||
No ANC visits | 9140 (31.1) | 8065 (88.2) | 1075 (11.8) | ||
Had at least one ANC | 20,134 (68.9) | 1388 (96.3) | 746 (3.7) | ||
Timing of the first ANC visit | 61.8 | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 12 weeks | 5662 (19.31) | 5439 (96.23) | 213 (3.77) | ||
Greater than 12 weeks | 23,622 (80.69) | 22,014 (93.19) | 1608 (6.81) | ||
Place of delivery | 10.7 | 0.001 | |||
Institutional delivery | 20,081 (68.6) | 18,975 (94.5) | 1106 (5.5) | ||
Home delivery | 9070 (31.4) | 8452 (93.2) | 618 (6.8) | ||
Child characteristics | |||||
Birth type | 187.1 | < 0.001 | |||
Singleton | 28,278 (96.7) | 26,659 (94.3) | 1619 (5.7) | ||
Multiple birth | 996 (3.3) | 794 (79.7) | 202 (20.3) | ||
Size of child at birth | 38 | < 0.001 | |||
Average | 17,107 (59.79) | 16,208 (94.74) | 899 (5.26)) | ||
Smaller than average | 3356 (11.73) | 3034 (90.41 | 322 (9.59) | ||
Larger than average | 8149 (28.48) | 7720 (94.74) | 429 (5.26) | ||
Child sex | 14.5 | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 14,689 (50.4) | 13,693 (93.2) | 996 (6.9) | ||
Female | 14,585 (49.6) | 13,760 (94.3) | 825 (5.7) | ||
Birth order | 4.9 | 0.007 | |||
First | 6524 (22.3) | 6056 (92.8) | 468 (7.2) | ||
Second−fourth | 9871 (34.0) | 9272)(93.9) | 599 (6.1) | ||
Fifth & above | 12,879 (43.7) | 12,125 (94.1 | 754 (5.9) | ||
Regions | 4.0 | < 0.001 | |||
Central | 2719 (9.3) | 2575 (94.7) | 144 (5.3) | ||
Copperbelt | 2648 (9.1) | 2494 (94.2) | 154 (5.8) | ||
Eastern | 3675 (12.6) | 3399 (92.5) | 276 (7.5) | ||
Luapula | 3441 (11.8) | 3186 (92.6) | 255 (7.4) | ||
Lusaka | 2822 (9.6) | 2647 (93.8) | 175 (6.2) | ||
Northern | 3182 (10.9) | 2988 (93.9) | 194 (9.1) | ||
North-western | 2878 (9.8) | 2729 (94.8) | 149 (5.2) | ||
Southern | 3134 (10.7) | 2963 (94.5) | 171 (5.5) | ||
Western | 1872 (6.4) | 1787 (95.5) | 85 (4.5) | ||
Muchinga | 2903 (9.9) | 2685 (92.5) | 218 (7.5) | ||