Table 1 Background characteristics of study participants and U5M by year of survey (weighted)
Survey-2007 | Survey-2013_14 | Survey-2018 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N = 6467 | U5M (%) | N = 13,251 | U5M (%) | N = 9556 | U5M (%) |
Maternal Factors | ||||||
Maternal age | ||||||
15–19 | 416 (6.43) | 40 (9.62) | 962 (7.26) | 59 (6.13) | 826 (8.64) | 43 (5.21) |
20–24 | 1673 (25.87) | 169 (10.10) | 3181 (24.01) | 190 (5.97) | 2545 (26.63) | 145 (5.70) |
25–29 | 1846 (28.54) | 177 (9.59) | 3447 (26.01) | 165 (4.79) | 2237 (23.41) | 92 (4.11) |
30–34 | 1308 (20.23) | 109 (8.33) | 2745 (20.72) | 153 (5.57) | 1856 (19.42) | 81 (4.36) |
35–39 | 757 (11.71) | 74 (9.78) | 1823 (13.76) | 99 (5.43) | 1276 (13.35) | 53 (4.15) |
40–49 | 467 (7.22) | 54 (11.56) | 1093 (8.25) | 75 (6.86) | 816 (8.54) | 43 (5.27) |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 6014 (93.0) | 577 (9.59) | 12,109 (91.38) | 686 (5.67) | 8436 (88.28) | 401 (4.75) |
Not married | 453 (7.0) | 46 (10.15) | 1142 (8.62) | 55 (4.82) | 1120 (11.72) | 56 (5.00) |
Maternal education | ||||||
No education | 856 (13.24) | 84 (9.81 | 1487 (11.23) | 96 (6.46) | 1029 (1.77) | 54 (5.25) |
Primary | 4042 (62.50) | 397 (9.82) | 7370 (55.66) | 405 (5.50) | 4976 (52.07) | 232 (4.66) |
Secondary & higher | 1569 (24.26) | 142 (9.05) | 4383 (33.10) | 239 (5.45) | 3551 (37.16) | 171 (4.82) |
Maternal occupation | ||||||
Not working | 2611 (40.45) | 247 (9.46) | 5071 (38.88) | 294 (5.80) | 4246 (44.45) | 211 (4.97) |
Working | 3844 (59.55) | 375 (9.76) | 7971 (61.12) | 435 (5.46) | 5306 (55.55) | 246 (4.64) |
Wealth index | ||||||
Poorest | 1401 (21.66) | 125 (8.92) | 3167 (23.90) | 183 (5.78) | 2732 (28.59) | 142 (5.20) |
Poorer | 1406 (21.74) | 131 (9.32) | 3183 (24.02) | 170 (5.34) | 2309 (24.16) | 102 (4.42) |
Middle | 1481 (22.90) | 139 (9.39) | 3004 (22.67) | 179 (5.96) | 1879 (19.66) | 90 (4.79) |
Richer | 1365 (21.11) | 145 (10.62) | 2242 (16.92) | 133 (5.93) | 1408 (14.73) | 64 (4.55) |
Richest | 814 (12.59) | 83 (10.63) | 1655 (12.49) | 76 (4.59) | 1228 (12.85) | 59 (4.80) |
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 2096 (32.41) | 223 (10.64) | 4897 (36.96) | 293 (5.98) | 2822 (29.53) | 139 (4.93) |
Rural | 4371 (67.59) | 400 (9..15) | 8354 (63.04) | 448 (5.36) | 6734 (70.47) | 318 (4.72) |
ANC | ||||||
No ANC visits | 2458 (38.01) | 378 (15.38) | 4196 (31.67) | 454 (10.82) | 2486 (26.02) | 243 (9.77) |
Had at least one ANC | 4009 (61.99) | 245 (6.11) | 9055 (68.33) | 287 (3.17) | 7070 (73.98) | 214 (3.03) |
Timing of the first ANC visit | ||||||
Less than 12 weeks | 754 (11.66) | 39 (5.17) | 2186 (16.50) | 80 (3.66) | 2712 (28.38) | 94 (3.47) |
Greater than 12 weeks | 5713 (88.34) | 584 (10.22) | 11,065 (83.50) | 661 (5.97) | 6844 (71.62) | 363 (5.30) |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Institutional delivery | 3145 (49.13) | 282 (8.97) | 9046 (68.56) | 464 (5.13) | 7890 (82.57) | 360 (4.56) |
Home delivery | 3256 (50.87) | 275 (8.45) | 4148 (31.44) | 246 (5.93) | 1666 (17.43) | 97 (5.82) |
Child characteristics | ||||||
Birth type | ||||||
Singleton | 6193 (95.76) | 552 (8.91) | 12,833 (96.85) | 656 (5.11) | 9252 (96.82) | 411 (4.44) |
Multiple birth | 274 (4.24) | 71 (25.91) | 418 (3.15) | 85 (2.33) | 304 (3.18) | 46 (15.13) |
Size of child at birth | ||||||
Average | 3551 (56.17) | 282 (7.94) | 7723 (59.43) | 369 (4.78) | 5833 (62.75) | 87 (7.71) |
Smaller than average | 721 (11.40) | 97 (13.45) | 1506 (11.59) | 138 (9.16) | 1129 (12.15) | 248 (4.25) |
Larger than average | 2050 (32.43) | 155 (7.56) | 3766 (28.98) | 177 (4.70) | 2333 (25.10) | 97 (4.16) |
Child sex | ||||||
Male | 3216 (49.73) | 345 (10.73) | 6721 (50.72) | 402 (5.98) | 4752 (49.73) | 249 (5.24) |
Female | 3251 (50.27) | 278 (8.55) | 6530 (49.28) | 339 (5.19) | 4804 (50.27) | 208 (4.33) |
Birth order | ||||||
First | 1301 (20.12) | 146 (11.22) | 2824 (21.31) | 190 (6.73) | 2399 (25.10) | 132 (5.50) |
Second−third | 2267 (35.05) | 220 (9.70) | 4361 (32.91) | 226 (5.18) | 3243 (33.94) | 153 (4.72) |
Fourth & above | 2899 (44.83) | 257 (8.87) | 6066 (45.78) | 325 (5.36) | 3914 (40.96) | 172 (4.39) |
Regions | ||||||
Central | 616 (9.53) | 53 (8.60) | 1147 (8.66) | 52 (4.53) | 956 (10.00) | 39 (4.08) |
Copperbelt | 634 (9.80) | 55 (8.68) | 1140 (8.60) | 68 (5.96) | 874 (9.15) | 31 (3.55) |
Eastern | 909 (14.06) | 101 (11.11) | 1613 (12.17) | 123 (7.63) | 1153 (12.07) | 52 (4.51) |
Luapula | 723 (11.18) | 71 (9.82) | 1545 (11.66) | 99 (6.41) | 1173 (12.28) | 85 (7.25) |
Lusaka | 651 (10.07) | 69 (10.60) | 1163 (8.78) | 58 (4.99) | 1008 (10.55) | 48 (4.76) |
Northern | 796 (12.31) | 99 (12.44) | 1514 (11.43) | 93 (6.14) | 950 (9.94) | 48 (5.05) |
North-western | 718 (11.10 | 53 (7.38) | 1362 (10.28) | 65 (4.77) | 770 (8.06) | 19 (2.47) |
Southern | 746 (11.54) | 65 (8.71) | 1470 (11.09) | 76 (5.17) | 990 (10.36) | 38 (3.84) |
Western | 674 (10.42) | 57 (8.46) | 1063 (8.02) | 45 (4.23) | 809 (8.47) | 40 (4.94) |
Muchinga | – | – | 1234 (9.31) | 62 (5.02) | 873 (9.14) | 57 (6.53) |