Fig. 2
Models for predicting intergenerational change in intelligence from mother to child when conditioning on maternal intelligence (A and D), for predicting change backward in time from child to mother when conditioning on the child’s intelligence (B and E), and for predicting change forward in time from mother to child without conditioning on maternal intelligence (C and F). Separately for first (A-C) and second (D-F) child. Note: BF breastfeeding, IQM maternal IQ, IQC child’s IQ; the parameters are unstandardized; all parameters were statistically significant (p < 0.001, except for the effect of BF on ΔIQ in panel D, for which p = 0.012)