Table 5 Bivariate and multivariable analysis of determinants of birth asphyxia among newborn live births in public hospitals of Gamo and Gofa zones, Southern Ethiopia, 2021

Residency

Rural

47(52.81)

107(40.07)

1.67(1.03–2.71)

1.39(0.62–3.09)

0.417

Urban

42(47.19)

160(59.93)

1

1

Gravidity

Primigravida

31(34.83)

48(17.98)

2.43(1.42–4.16)

1.06(0.12–9.01)

0.957

Multigravida

58(65.17)

219(82.02)

1

1

Parity

Primiparous

34(38.20)

54(20.22)

2.43(1.44–4.10)

3.82(0.47–30.69)

0.207

Multiparous

55(61.80)

213(79.78)

1

1

Antepartum related factors

No of ANC visits

1–3

48(61.54)

183(72.62)

0.60(0.35–1.02)

0.84(0.35–1.97)

0.694

 >  = 4

30( 38.46)

69(27.38)

1

1

Pregnancy induced HTN

Yes

11(12.36)

10(3.75)

3.62(1.48–8.85)

0.80(0.16–4.02)

0.791

No

78(87.64)

257(96.25)

1

1

APH

Yes

8 (8.99)

9 (3.37)

2.83(1.05–7.57)

1.24(0.17–8.78)

0.827

No

81 (91.01)

258 (96.63)

1

1

Anemia

Yes

16(17.97

18 (6.74)

3.03(1.47–6.24)

3.87(1.06–14.09)

0.040*

No

73 (82.02)

249 (93.26)

1

1

Preeclampsia/eclampsia

Yes

6 (6.74)

8 (3.00)

2.34 (0.78–6.93)

2.95 (0.60–14.34)

0.180

No

83 (93.26)

259 (97.00)

1

1

‘Gaya smoking’

Yes

5(5.62)

7(2.62)

2.21(0.68–7.14)

1.74(0.21–14.07)

0.600

No

84(94.38)

260(97.38)

1

1

Intrapartum related factors

Partograph used

Yes

62 (69.66)

226 (84.64)

1

1

No

27 (30.34)

41 ( 15.36)

2.40(1.36–4.20)

0.74(0.26–2.10)

0.583

Presentation

Vertex

57 (64.04)

245 (91.76)

1

1

Breech

32(35.96)

22(8.24)

6.25(3.38–11.55)

3.56(1.19–10.65)

0.023*

Labor Type

Spontaneous

72(80.90)

250 (93.63)

1

1

Induced

17 (19.10)

17 ( 6.37)

3.47 (1.68–7.14)

0.63(0.16–2.35)

0.495

Time of Membrane rapture

PROM

25 (28.09)

29 (10.86)

3.20(1.75–5.85)

0.42(0.12–1.45)

0.174

Intrapartum

64 (71.91)

238 (89.14)

1

1

Maternal Fever

Yes

22(24.72)

21(7.87)

3.84(1.99–7.41)

0.91(0.29–2.86)

0.882

No

67(75.28)

246( 92.13)

1

1

Labor duration

Normal

41(46.07)

240 (89.89)

1

1

Prolonged

48(53.93)

27 (10.11)

10.40(5.84–18.51)

2.93(0.98–8.70)

0.053

Color of amniotic fluid

MS

34 (38.20)

14 (5.24)

11.17(5.61–22.21)

6.16(1.95–19.46)

 < 0.002**

Clear

55 (61.80)

253 (94.76)

1

1

Delivery time

Night

48 (53.93)

85 (31.84)

2.50(1.53–4.09)

2.03(0.91–4.50)

0.081

Day

41 (46.07)

182 (68.16)

1

1

Mode of Delivery

SVD

31 (34.83)

213 (79.78)

1

1

C/S

40 (44.94)

44 (16.48)

6.24 (3.53–11.04)

2.55(0.72–8.94)

0.142

ID

18 (20.22)

10 (3.75)

12.36(5.23–29.22)

5.91(1.51–23.07)

0.010**

Birth attendant

Doctor

15 (16.85)

20 (7.49)

3.94(1.87–8.32)

0.50(0.09–2.72)

0.427

Midwife

42 (47.19)

221 (82.77)

1

1

IESO

32 (35.96)

26 (9.74)

6.47(3.50–11.96)

0.95(0.27–3.30)

0.939

Obstructed labor

Yes

33 (37.08)

25 (9.36)

5.70(3.14–10.34)

0.33(0.10–1.07)

0.067

No

56 (62.92)

242 (90.64)

1

1

FHR

 < 100 or > 180

70 (78.65)

38 (14.23)

22.20(12.03–40.95)

9.83(3.82–25.25)

 < 0.001***

100–180

19 (21.35)

229 (85.77)

1

1

Cord Prolapse

Yes

9 (10.11)

9 (3.37)

3.22(1.23–8.40)

4.69(1.04–21.05)

0.043*

No

80 (89.89)

258 (96.63)

1

1

Placenta Previa

Yes

8 (8.99)

5 (1.87)

5.17(1.64–16.25)

1.68(0.26–10.50)

0.579

No

81 (91.01)

262 (98.13)

1

1

Neonatal related factors

Gestational age at birth (in weeks)

 < 37

21 (23.60)

38 (14.23)

1.94(1.06–3.55)

1.52(0.44–5.16)

0.502

37- 42

62 (69.66)

218 (81.65)

1

1

 >  = 42

6 (6.74)

11 (4.12)

1.91(0.68–5.39)

0.41(0.07–2.25)

0.309

Birth weight (in grams)

 < 2500

15 (16.85)

27 (10.11)

1.93 (0.97–3.84)

1.24(0.28–5.35)

0.770

2500–4000

65 (73.03)

226 (84.64)

1

1

 > 4000

9 (10.11)

14 (5.24)

2.23(0.92–5.39)

1.18(0.26–5.38)

0.824