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Table 1 Demographic information, covariates and personal air pollutant exposure level between pass and not pass of DPOAE test groups (n = 1190)

From: Effects of ambient air pollution, fresh fruit and vegetable intakes as well as maternal psychosocial stress on the outcome of newborn otoacoustic emission hearing screening

 

Not pass(n = 166)

Pass(n = 1024)

p

Maternal age (years)

  

0.245

 23

3(1.8)

26(2.5)

 

 23–30

103(62.0)

564(55.2)

 

 ≥ 30

60(36.1)

432(42.3)

 

Maternal education

  

0.883

 Middle school or below

5(3.0)

28(2.7)

 

 High school

28(16.9)

159(15.5)

 

 College or above

133(80.1)

837(81.7)

 

Parity

  

0.049

 Primiparous

114(69.9)

628(61.9)

 

 Multiparous

49(30.1)

386(38.1)

 

Paternal age(years)

  

0.199

 < 30

67(40.4)

341(33.4)

 

 30–35

61(36.7)

433(42.4)

 

 ≥ 35

38(22.9)

248(24.3)

 

Neonates gender

  

0.210

 Male

96(57.8)

537(52.6)

 

 Female

70(42.2)

484(47.4)

 

Midwifery

  

0.730

 Yes

33(19.9)

192(18.8)

 

 No

133(80.1)

832(81.3)

 

Gestational age(weeks)

  

1.000

 37

162(97.6)

999(97.7)

 

 37–42

4(2.4)

24(2.3)

 

Birth weight(g)

  

0.460

 2500

0(0.0)

8(0.8)

 

 2500–3950

159(95.8)

980(95.8)

 

 ≥ 4000

7(4.2)

35(3.4)

 

Amniotic fluid condition

  

0.556

 Normal

133(80.1)

816(79.8)

 

 Amniotic fluid turbidity

30(18.1)

193(18.9)

 

 Oligohydramnios

0(0.0)

5(0.5)

 

 Umbilical cord around the neck

3(1.8)

9(0.9)

 

Folate intake

  

0.306

 No

8(4.8)

71(7.0)

 

 Yes

158(95.2)

950(97.0)

 

Fruit or vegetable intake

  

0.126

 No

7(4.2)

20(2.0)

 

 Yes

159(95.8)

1001(98.0)

 

Milk or soy milk intake

  

0.873

 No

47(28.3)

295(28.9)

 

 Yes

119(71.7)

725(71.1)

 

Family relationship

  

0.987

 Well

139(85.8)

862(85.0)

 

 General

19(11.7)

123(12.1)

 

 Worse

3(1.9)

23(2.3)

 

 Terrible

1(0.6)

6(0.6)

 

Stress and anxiety

  

0.518

 No

118(71.1)

751(73.5)

 

 Yes

48(28.9)

271(26.5)

 

Stressful life event

  

0.021

 No

155(93.4)

987(97.0)

 

 Yes

11(6.6)

31(3.0)

 

House renovation

  

0.660

 No

163(98.2)

992(97.3)

 

 Yes

3(1.8)

28(2.7)

 

Kitchen fuel

  

0.355

 Fuel gas

143(86.1)

907(88.7)

 

 Coal

16(9.6)

90(8.8)

 

 Electric

4(2.4)

19(1.9)

 

 Others

3(1.8)

6(0.6)

 

Maternal active smoking(cigarettes per day)

  

0.796

 Never

165(99.4)

1013(98.9)

 

 Less than 10

1(0.6)

9(0.9)

 

 10–20

0(0.0)

2(0.2)

 

Paternal active smoking(cigarettes per day)

  

0.733

 Never

102(61.4)

640(62.5)

 

 Less than 10

43(25.9)

231(22.6)

 

 10–20

18(10.8)

128(12.5)

 

 More than 20

3(1.8)

25(2.4)

 

Passive smoking

  

0.821

 No

119(72.6)

748(73.4)

 

 Yes

45(27.4)

271(26.6)

 

Maternal alcohol intake

  

0.134

 Never

157(94.6)

989(96.9)

 

 Rarely

9(5.4)

32(3.1)

 

Paternal alcohol intake

  

0.758

 Never

99(59.6)

607(59.3)

 

 Rarely

61(36.7)

389(38.0)

 

 Often

6(3.6)

27(2.6)

 

PM10(μg/m3)

70.20 ± 7.24

68.27 ± 6.69

0.001

PM2.5(μg/m3)

44.37 ± 6.18

43.05 ± 5.49

0.017

CO(mg/m3)

1.00 ± 0.09

0.99 ± 0.10

0.070

NO2(μg/m3)

36.37 ± 4.38

35.83 ± 4.24

0.196

SO2(μg/m3)

13.97 ± 1.67

13.86 ± 1.53

0.467