Table 2 Bivariate and multivariable analysis of sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with group A Streptococcus throat carriage among healthy school children—Jigjiga city, Eastern Ethiopia, April 12 to May 27, 2021

Socio-demographic characteristics

 Age of the child

7–10

181(91.0)

18(9.0)

0.74 (0.40 -1.37)

0.35

11–14

232 (88.2)

31 (11.8)

1

 Sex of the child

Male

197(90.4)

21 (9.6)

1

Female

216 (88.5)

28 (11.5)

1.22 (0.67 – 2.21)

0.52

Parental/Guardian Social condition

 Marital Status

Single

63 (90)

7 (10)

0.97 (0.41 – 2.28)

0.94

Widowed

13 (76.4)

4 (23.5)

2.68 (0.83 – 8.67)

0.10

Divorced

32 (91.4)

3 (8.6)

0.82 (0.24 – 2.80)

0.75

Married

305 (89.7)

35 (10.3)

1

 Caregivers

Non-immediate family^a

24 (72.7)

9 (27.3)

3.15 (1.36 – 7.34)

0.008*

3.65 (1.39 -9.61)

0.009**

Father

104 (95.4)

5 (4.6)

0.49 (0.20 – 1.20)

0.12*

0.50 (0.18 – 1.36)

0.174

Mother

285 (89.1)

35 (10.9)

1

1

 Education status

Unable to read and write

111 (84.7)

20 (15.3)

1.88 (1.03 – 3.45)

0.043*

1.11 (0.53 – 2.30)

0.78

Recived formal education^b

302 (91.2)

29 (8.8)

1

 Occupation

Searching for Job

23(92.0)

2 (8.0)

0.69 (0.15 – 3.33)

0.65

Stay home parent

88 (83.0)

18 (17.0)

1.64 (0.75– 3.59)

0.22

Merchant

129 (90.2)

14 (9.8)

0.87 (0.38 – 1.96)

0.73

Private employee

77 (96.3)

3 (3.8)

0.31 (0.08 – 1.14)

0.08

Government employee

96 (88.9)

12 (11.1)

1

 Monthly income (ETB)

250 – 1000

86 (79.6)

22 (20.4)

3.08 (1.56 – 6.09)

0.001*

1.87 (0.85 – 4.15)

0.21

1000 – 3000

122 (92.4)

10 (7.6)

0.98 (0.44 – 2.23)

0.99

0.79 (0.33 – 1.91)

0.61

 > 3000

205 (92.3)

17 (7.7)

1

1

Child living condition

 Family size

1 – 5

134 (94.4)

8 (5.6)

1

1

6- 10

211 (92.1)

18 (7.9)

1.43 (0.60 – 3.38)

0.42

1.41 (0.53 – 3.72)

0.493

11 – 15

68 (74.7)

23 (25.3)

5.67 (2.40 – 13.3)

0.000*

4.64 (1.53 – 14.1)

0.007**

 sharing a sleeping Room

1 – 3

201 (93.9)

13 (6.1)

1

1

4 – 6

174 (87.4)

25 (12.6)

2.22 (1.10 – 4.48)

0.025*

1.48 (0.64 – 3.41)

0.356

7 – 9

38 (87.8)

11(22.4)

4.48 (1.87 – 10.7)

0.01*

1.89 (0.59 – 6.06)

0.280

 Residence

In the town

372 (90.1)

41 (9.9)

1

Outskirt

41 (83.7)

8 (16.3)

1.77 (0.78—4.03)

0.174

 Duration of child stay in school

Half-day

375 (89.3)

45 (10.7)

1

Full day

38 (90.5)

4 (9.5)

1.14 (0.39 – 3.34)

0.811

Clinical History of the child

 Earlier antibiotic use

1 – 6 months

61 (89.7)

7 (10.3)

1

6 – 12 months

73 (90.1)

8 (9.9)

0.84 (0.37 – 1.87)

0.662

 > 12 month

84 (90.3)

9 (9.7)

0.86 (0.37 – 1.98)

0.714

No

195 (88.6)

25 (11.4)

0.89 (0.37 – 2.17)

0.806

 Hospitalization history (< 5 years)

Yes

96 (86.5)

15 (13.5)

1.46 (0.76 – 2.79)

0.256

No

317 (90.3)

34 (9.7)

1

1

 Previous family member with a sore throat (the last 30 days)

Yes

45 (80.4)

11 (19.6)

2.37 (1.13 – 4.95)

0.022*

2.51 (1.09 – 5.73)

0.029**

No

368(90.6)

38 (9.4)

1

1

 Sore throat (within the last 30 days)

Yes

79 (83.2)

16 (16.8)

2.05 (1.08 – 3.91)

0.03*

1.86 (0.90 – 3.85)

0.093

No

334 (91.1)

33 (8.9)

1