Table 3 Multinomial logistic regression results: Prevalence of breakfast skipping (relative risk ratio) by grade, socioeconomic status, and geographical remoteness among male South Australian students in grades 4–12 in 2019 (n = 35,896)

Grade

4–5

1448 (14.4)

ref

–

1027 (10.2)

ref

–

444 (4.4)

ref

–

6–7

1722 (18.0)

1.39 (1.28–1.50)

<0.001

1181 (12.3)

1.34 (1.22–1.47)

<0.001

526 (5.5)

1.38 (1.21–1.57)

<0.001

8–9

1524 (19.1)

1.73 (1.60–1.88)

<0.001

1349 (16.9)

2.16 (1.98–2.37)

<0.001

770 (9.6)

2.86 (2.53–3.23)

<0.001

10–12

1563 (18.9)

2.08 (1.92–2.26)

<0.001

1828 (22.1)

3.43 (3.15–3.74)

<0.001

1155 (14.0)

5.02 (4.47–5.64)

<0.001

Socio-economic status

Quintile 1

1586 (17.3)

1.25 (1.15–1.35)

<0.001

1715 (18.7)

2.15 (1.97–2.36)

<0.001

1033 (11.3)

2.90 (2.56–3.29)

<0.001

Quintile 2

1107 (18.7)

1.29 (1.17–1.41)

<0.001

993 (16.8)

1.84 (1.67–2.04)

<0.001

539 (9.1)

2.24 (1.95–2.57)

<0.001

Quintile 3

952 (17.0)

1.07 (0.97–1.17)

0.160

839 (14.9)

1.51 (1.36–1.67)

<0.001

442 (7.9)

1.78 (1.54–2.05)

<0.001

Quintile 4

1275 (16.8)

1.01 (0.93–1.10)

0.794

1002 (13.2)

1.27 (1.15–1.41)

<0.001

507 (6.7)

1.44 (1.25–1.65)

<0.001

Quintile 5

1337 (17.5)

ref

–

836 (11.0)

ref

–

374 (4.9)

ref

–

Geographical remoteness

Major Cities

4192 (16.8)

ref

–

3628 (14.5)

ref

–

1942 (7.8)

ref

–

Inner Regional

968 (18.5)

1.19 (1.10–1.29)

<0.001

835 (16.0)

1.18 (1.09–1.29)

<0.001

465 (8.9)

1.23 (1.10–1.37)

<0.001

Outer Regional

871 (19.7)

1.30 (1.19–1.41)

<0.001

723 (16.4)

1.24 (1.14–1.36)

<0.001

381 (8.6)

1.22 (1.09–1.38)

0.001

Remote/Very Remote

226 (18.5)

1.20 (1.03–1.40)

0.022

199 (16.3)

1.22 (1.04–1.43)

0.017

107 (8.8)

1.22 (0.99–1.51)

0.058