Table 3 Descriptive list of concomitant congenital anomalies by system
System | Abnormality |
|---|---|
Head and neck/ neurological | Head: Microcephaly, craniosynostosis, plagiocephaly, scaphocephaly, frontal bossing, midface hypoplasia, micrognathia, mental retardation, short neck, flat nasal bridge, glosso-ptosis Neurological: cranial nerve palsies, cerebral palsy Eyes: cataract, amniotic bands, coloboma, anophthalmia, nystagmus, ptosis Ears: low-set, absent external auditory meatus, complete hearing loss |
Musculoskeletal | Muscular dystrophy, clubfoot, cleft hands and feet, syndactyly, limb contractures, scoliosis, kyphosis, hypotonia, amniotic bands, missing phalanges, claw hands and feet |
Cardiovascular | Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Tetralogy of Fallot |
Urogenital | Absent kidney, ectopic kidney, undescended testicles |
Respiratory system | Pectus excavatum, hypoplastic lung, rib abnormalities |
Gastrointestinal | Umbilical hernia |