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Table 5 Published evaluation studies of different versions of the two models in PICU

From: Internal validation and evaluation of the predictive performance of models based on the PRISM-3 (Pediatric Risk of Mortality) and PIM-3 (Pediatric Index of Mortality) scoring systems for predicting mortality in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs)

Study

Country

Sample

Size(N)

Male Gender (%)

Age

Mean ± SD

Md (IQR)

Mortality

Rate (%)

DX.

Score

Mean ± SD

Md (IQR)

AUC (95% CI)

Number of ICU

H-L P-value

Outcomea

SMR

(95% CI)

LOS

Mean ± SD

Md (IQR)

[14]

ITALY

11,109

75%

68

(55–80) m

3.9%

Case-mix

PIM-3:

6 (5–8)

PIM-3:0.88

(0.86–0.89)

17 units

P:0.21

P

PIM-3:0.98

(0.89–1.08)

6.1 ± 15.5

2 (1–6)

[10]

Australia,

New Zealand

Ireland, UK

53,112

NA

NA

NA

Case-mix

NA

PIM-3:0.88

(0.88–0.89)

60 units

p > 0.95

P

PIM-3:1

(0.99–1.01)

NA

[15]

Australia

New Zealand

26,966

NA

NA

4.3%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3:0.93

(0.92–0.94)

10 units

P < 0.001

P

PRISM-3:0.77

(0.72–0.82)

NA

[16]

Australia New Zealand

4403

55.5%

2.1

(0.6–6.6) m

5.2%

Invasive infection

NA

PIM-3:0.77

(0.730–0.81)

NA

NA

P

NA

4.72 ± 7.47

[17]

Poland

303

56.7%

Md:15.9

6.6%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3:0.78

(0.67–0.89)

NA

P: 0.21

P

PRISM-3:0.95

(0.68–1.23)

8.4 (2.0)

[18]

Portuguese

556

60%

65

(1–17) m

5%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:

5(0–46)

PRISM-3:0.92

(0.86–0.97)

Single

p: 0.282

P

PRISM-3:0.94

(0.60–1.28)

3 (0–155)

[8]

Poland

12,040

NA

NA

3.40%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3:0.90

(0.89–92)

7 units

NA

P

PRISM-3:0.87

(0.79–096)

NA

[19]

Greek

300

64.6%

49.93 ± 54.26 m

11.1%

Case mix

NA

PRISM-3: 0.89

(0.82–0.96)

Single

P:0.989

P

PRISM-3:0.99

(0.67–1.43)

8.85 ± 23.28

[20]

UK

10,197

57%

16.8

(2.4–79.2) m

6.2%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3: 0.82 (0.80–0.84)

18 units

p < 0.001

p

NA

Md:46.2

[21]

Belgium

Netherlands

Canada

1428

NA

1.44 (0.3–6.4) Yr.

4%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:8

(4–13)

PIM-3: −3.5

(−4.4, −2.4)

PRISM-3:0.92

(0.91–0.92)

PIM-3:0.89

(0.89–0.89)

3 units

P:0.04

P:0.5

p

NA

68 ± 4.8

[22]

Austria

398

55.8%

29.6

(3.8–105.6) m

13.6%

sepsis

(NA)

PRISM-3: 0.75

(0.68–0.75)

PIM-3: 0.76 (0.68–0.76)

single

NA

P

NA

NA

NA

[23]

Egypt

123

64.2%

5

(1–15) Yr.

20%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:36

(NA)

PRISM-3:0.91

(0.85–0.98)

Single

P: 0.65

p

NA

Mdn:5

[24]

Egypt

135

64.1%

26.4 ± 20.8 m

40%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:

6.02 ± 5.48

PRISM-3:0.875

Single

NA

P

NA

NA

[25]

Egypt

100

58%

8

(4–36) m

17%

Case-mix

(NA)

PRISM-3: 0.98

(0.96–1.0)

PIM-3:0.97

(0.87–0.99)

single

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

H

PRISM-3: 2.11

PIM-3: 2.44

7(4,11)

[26]

India

723

59.1%

26.85 m

14.8%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3: (x > 0.86)

Single

P:0.395

P

PRISM-3: 1.01

(0.82–1.20)

NA

[12]

India

350

56.2%

12

(4–60) m

39.4%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3:0.66

(0.60–0.72)

PIM-3:0.72

(0.67–0.78)

Single

P:0.747

P:0.059

P

PRISM-3:.90

(1.06–1.09)

PIM-3:1.09

(0.91–1.27)

5(2–9)

[27]

Pakistan

370

64%

19 ± 25.8 m

23.8%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:

14 ± 7.30

PRISM-3:0.88

(0.84–0.92)

Single

P:0.244

P

NA

3 ± 1

[28]

Thailand

588

53.2%

37.9

(9.8–105) m

13.6%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:

4(0.8–9)

PRISM-3:0.845

single

NA

P

PRISM-3:0.98

(0.77–1.19)

3.5 (2–7.2)

[29]

Korea

503

59%

4.8 ± 4.6 Yr.

19.9%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3: 0.77

(0.73–0.81)

PIM- 3: 0.82

(0.79–0.85)

Single

P:0.498

P:0.333

P

PRISM-3:NA

PIM-3:1.1

(0.91–1.3)

17.1 ± 34.5

[30]

Korea

1710

59.2%

1.5

(0.3–7.8) Yr.

8.47%

Case-mix

NA

PIM-3:0.76

(0.72–0.80)

Single

0.313

P

NA

3 (1–8)

[31]

China

852

60.8%

6.5

(2–21) m

12.5%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:

11 ± 13.94

PRISM-3:0.72

(0.67–0.78)

single

p: 0.51

P

PRISM-3:1.14

(0.93–1.36)

8(4–15)

[32]

China

1109

NA

NA

10.4%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3: 0.82

(0.78–0.86)

single

p: 0.61

H

NA

NA

[2]

USA

3490

49%

16.4

(6.2–50.4) m

6.8%

Pulmonary hypertension

NA

PRISM-3:0.71

NA

143 units

NA

P

NA

NA

[33]

USA

178

NA

29 day-17Yr.

26%

Respiratory failure

Center1:19

(12–26)

Center2:15

(11–21)

Center3:9

(6–21)

PRISM-3:0.56

(0.46–0.66)

3 units

NA

P

NA

27(14–40])

39(19–63)

25 (13–54)

[34]

Brazil

359

55%

31

(11–94) m

15%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:

15 (8–21)

PRISM-3:0.76

(0–69–0-83)

Single

p : 0.11

P

NA

5 (3–10)

[35]

Brazil

237

56%

12

(1–144) m

39%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:19

(9–42)

PRISM-3: 0.72

(0.66–0.79)

Single

P: 0.5

p

PRISM-3:1

(0.80–1.20)

Mean:7.5

Md:7.0

[36]

Argentina

6602

56.1%

20

(5–74) m

8%

Case-mix

NA

PIM-3:0.83

(0.82–0.85)

59 units

P < 0.001

P

PIM-3:1.3

(1.2–1.42)

5 (2–10)

[37]

Iran

221

57%

30 ± 5.85 m

21.3%

Case-mix

NA

PRISM-3:80.3

single

P:0.80

P

NA

NA

[38]

Iran

221

54%

29.85 ± 35.07 m

9.05%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:

14.2 ± 9.57

PRISM-3:0.89

(0.83–0.96)

single

P:0.161

P

PRISM-3:1.05

(NA)

5.16 ± 4.03

[39]

Iran

90

73.3%

93.6

(40.4146.7) m

17.8%

Case-mix

PRISM-3:

10.8 ± 5.1

PIM-3:

1.97 ± 1.30

PRISM-3:0.77

(0.71,0.83)

PIM-3:0.82

(0.76,0.87)

single

P:0.79

P:0.93

P

NA

NA

3.65 ± 3.95

[40]

Iran

365

60.2%

49 m

10.4%

Case-mix

PIM-3:1.45 ± (NA)

PIM-3:0.711

(0.63–0.80)

single

P < 0.001

P

PIM-3:7.18

(NA)

NA

THIS study

Iran

2446

5 6%

4.21

(0.66–24.1) m

16.1%

Case-mix

PIM-3:

2 ± 2.9

PRISM-3:

6 ± 6.5

PRISM-3:0.82

(0.80–0.85)

PIM-3:0.74

(0.71–0.77)

6 units

P < 0.001

P:0.014

P&H

PRISM:1.34

(1.19–1.49)

PIM:1.37

(1.21–1.52)

8(4–16)

  1. Outcomea:P- PICU mortality, H- hospital mortality