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Table 1 Characteristics of the children with a late AP or an early AR

From: Longitudinal association between the timing of adiposity peak and rebound and overweight at seven years of age

Characteristics

Children with a late AP

Children with an early AR

Yes

No

Total

P value

Yes

No

Total

P value

(N = 1539)

(N = 268)

(N = 1807)

(N = 1814)

(N = 300)

(N = 2114)

Age — years

6.75 (6.42–6.92)

6.75 (6.50–7.00)

6.75 (6.42–6.92)

0.37

6.75 (6.42–6.92)

6.92 (6.67–7.00)

6.75 (6.50–7.00)

 < 0.001

Male sex — no. (%)

779 (50.62)

146 (54.48)

925 (51.19)

0.24

974 (53.69)

142 (47.33)

1116 (52.79)

0.04

Race — no. (%)

   

0.91

   

0.10

Han

1497 (97.27)

261 (97.39)

1758 (97.29)

 

1771 (97.63)

288 (96.00)

2059 (97.40)

 

Other

42 (2.73)

7 (2.61)

49 (2.71)

 

43 (2.37)

12 (4.00)

55 (2.60)

 

BMI measurement during 1st and 80th months of age — times

12 (6–14)

13 (11–14)

13 (7–14)

 < 0.001

13 (9–14)

7 (4–14)

13 (8–14)

 < 0.001

Weight — kg

23.60 (21.50–26.80)

23.35 (21.30–27.63)

23.60 (21.40–26.90)

0.04

24.00 (21.70–27.10)

22.80 (20.98–25.63)

23.80 (21.50–26.90)

 < 0.001

Height — cm

123 (119–127)

123 (119–126.58)

123 (119–127)

0.70

123 (119–126)

123 (120–127)

123 (119–127)

0.28

BMI — kg/m2

15.72(14.74–17.13)

15.61(14.64–17.24)

15.71(14.72–17.14)

0.03

15.90(14.80–17.40)

15.12(14.24–16.19)

15.76(14.74–17.15)

 < 0.001

WC — cm

54 (51–57)

53 (51–58)

54 (51–57)

0.02

54 (51–58)

53 (50–56)

54 (51–57)

 < 0.001

WHTR

0.44 (0.42–0.46)

0.44 (0.42–0.47)

0.44 (0.42–0.46)

0.02

0.44 (0.42–0.47)

0.43 (0.41–0.45)

0.44 (0.42–0.47)

 < 0.001

Dietary pattern — no. (%)

   

0.40

   

0.63

Processed

947 (61.53)

175 (65.30)

1122 (62.09)

 

1109 (61.14)

187 (62.33)

1296 (61.31)

 

Traditional

507 (32.94)

77 (28.73)

584 (32.32)

 

588 (32.41)

98 (32.67)

686 (32.45)

 

Light meal

85 (5.52)

16 (5.97)

101 (5.59)

 

117 (6.45)

15 (5.00)

132 (6.24)

 

Physical activity level — no. (%)

   

0.40

   

0.99

Low

1006 (65.37)

182 (67.91)

1188 (65.74)

 

1188 (65.49)

196 (65.33)

1384 (65.47)

 

Moderate

361 (23.46)

53 (19.78)

414 (22.91)

 

425 (23.43)

70 (23.33)

495 (23.42)

 

High

172 (11.18)

33 (12.31)

205 (11.34)

 

201 (11.08)

34 (11.33)

235 (11.12)

 

Sleep disturbances — no. (%)

1259 (81.81)

212 (79.10)

1471 (81.41)

0.29

1475 (81.31)

250 (83.33)

1725 (81.60)

0.40

Lack of sleep — no. (%)

1186 (77.67)

204 (77.86)

1390 (77.70)

0.94

1402 (78.19)

231 (77.52)

1633 (78.10)

0.79

Screen time (≥ 2 h per day) — no. (%)

218 (14.17)

29 (10.82)

247 (13.67)

0.14

258 (14.22)

32 (10.67)

290 (13.72)

0.10

Late night snacking — no. (%)

558 (36.26)

103 (38.43)

661 (36.58)

0.50

667 (36.77)

97 (32.33)

764 (36.14)

0.14

People in their household

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

0.36

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

0.46

Number of siblings (≥ 1) — no. (%)

644 (41.85)

117 (43.66)

761 (42.11)

0.59

746 (41.12)

138 (46.00)

884 (41.82)

0.11

Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI status (overweight or obesity) — no. (%)

174 (11.31)

31 (11.57)

205 (11.34)

0.90

199 (10.97)

25 (8.33)

224 (10.60)

0.17

Paternal pre-pregnancy BMI status (overweight or obesity) — no. (%)

171 (11.11)

35 (13.06)

206 (11.40)

0.35

207 (11.41)

21 (7.00)

228 (10.79)

0.03

Perceived household income level — no. (%)

   

0.01

   

0.60

Poor

76 (4.94)

18 (6.72)

94 (5.20)

 

89 (4.91)

16 (5.33)

105 (4.97)

 

About the same

1113 (72.32)

210 (78.36)

1323 (73.22)

 

1350 (74.42)

215 (71.67)

1565 (74.03)

 

Richer

350 (22.74)

40 (14.93)

390 (21.58)

 

375 (20.67)

69 (23.00)

444 (21.00)

 

Birth weight — g

3305 (3050–3590)

3418 (3150–3700)

3330 (3070–3600)

 < 0.001

3360 (3100–3620)

3320 (3100–3600)

3350 (3100–3614)

0.98

Birth length — cm

50 (50–50)

50 (50–50)

50 (50–50)

0.11

50 (50–50)

50 (50–50)

50 (50–50)

0.15

Maternal age — years

29 (27–32)

29 (27–31)

29 (27–32)

0.31

29 (27–31)

29 (27–31)

29 (27–31)

0.44

Paternal age — years

31 (28–34)

30 (28–34)

31.00 (28–34)

0.80

31 (28–34)

31 (28–34)

31 (28–34)

0.73

Mother university-educated — no. (%)

1120 (81.75)

189 (81.47)

1309 (81.71)

0.92

1286 (80.43)

218 (83.21)

1504 (80.82)

0.29

Father university-educated — no. (%)

1152 (83.72)

187 (82.38)

1339 (83.53)

0.61

1328 (82.95)

223 (84.47)

1551 (83.16)

0.54

Preterm birth — no. (%)

62 (4.03)

9 (3.36)

71 (3.93)

0.60

72 (3.97)

6 (2.01)

78 (3.69)

0.10

Cesarean delivery — no. (%)

730 (47.46)

133 (49.81)

863 (47.81)

0.48

879 (48.51)

125 (41.67)

1004 (47.54)

0.03

Breastfeeding duration > 4 months — no. (%)

242 (29.88)

38 (20.21)

280 (28.06)

 < 0.01

312 (28.57)

47 (43.93)

359 (29.94)

 < 0.001

Outcomes — no. (%)

Overweight or obesity

294 (19.10)

61 (22.76)

355 (19.65)

0.16

408 (22.49)

18 (6.00)

426 (20.15)

 < 0.001

Overweight

220 (14.29)

27 (10.07)

247 (13.67)

0.14

297 (16.37)

13 (4.33)

310 (14.66)

 < 0.001

Obesity

74 (4.81)

34 (12.69)

108 (5.98)

0.01

111 (6.12)

5 (1.67)

116 (5.49)

 < 0.01

Central obesity

117 (7.60)

38 (14.18)

155 (8.58)

 < 0.001

163 (9.00)

13 (4.35)

176 (8.34)

 < 0.01

  1. The total includes all children with estimated AP or AR timing. BMI, body mass index. Values are median (IQR) or number (%). P-value in bold font indicates a significant difference