Characteristics | Children with a late AP | Children with an early AR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Total | P value | Yes | No | Total | P value | |
(N = 1539) | (N = 268) | (N = 1807) | (N = 1814) | (N = 300) | (N = 2114) | |||
Age — years | 6.75 (6.42–6.92) | 6.75 (6.50–7.00) | 6.75 (6.42–6.92) | 0.37 | 6.75 (6.42–6.92) | 6.92 (6.67–7.00) | 6.75 (6.50–7.00) |  < 0.001 |
Male sex — no. (%) | 779 (50.62) | 146 (54.48) | 925 (51.19) | 0.24 | 974 (53.69) | 142 (47.33) | 1116 (52.79) | 0.04 |
Race — no. (%) |  |  |  | 0.91 |  |  |  | 0.10 |
Han | 1497 (97.27) | 261 (97.39) | 1758 (97.29) | Â | 1771 (97.63) | 288 (96.00) | 2059 (97.40) | Â |
Other | 42 (2.73) | 7 (2.61) | 49 (2.71) | Â | 43 (2.37) | 12 (4.00) | 55 (2.60) | Â |
BMI measurement during 1st and 80th months of age — times | 12 (6–14) | 13 (11–14) | 13 (7–14) |  < 0.001 | 13 (9–14) | 7 (4–14) | 13 (8–14) |  < 0.001 |
Weight — kg | 23.60 (21.50–26.80) | 23.35 (21.30–27.63) | 23.60 (21.40–26.90) | 0.04 | 24.00 (21.70–27.10) | 22.80 (20.98–25.63) | 23.80 (21.50–26.90) |  < 0.001 |
Height — cm | 123 (119–127) | 123 (119–126.58) | 123 (119–127) | 0.70 | 123 (119–126) | 123 (120–127) | 123 (119–127) | 0.28 |
BMI — kg/m2 | 15.72(14.74–17.13) | 15.61(14.64–17.24) | 15.71(14.72–17.14) | 0.03 | 15.90(14.80–17.40) | 15.12(14.24–16.19) | 15.76(14.74–17.15) |  < 0.001 |
WC — cm | 54 (51–57) | 53 (51–58) | 54 (51–57) | 0.02 | 54 (51–58) | 53 (50–56) | 54 (51–57) |  < 0.001 |
WHTR | 0.44 (0.42–0.46) | 0.44 (0.42–0.47) | 0.44 (0.42–0.46) | 0.02 | 0.44 (0.42–0.47) | 0.43 (0.41–0.45) | 0.44 (0.42–0.47) |  < 0.001 |
Dietary pattern — no. (%) |  |  |  | 0.40 |  |  |  | 0.63 |
Processed | 947 (61.53) | 175 (65.30) | 1122 (62.09) | Â | 1109 (61.14) | 187 (62.33) | 1296 (61.31) | Â |
Traditional | 507 (32.94) | 77 (28.73) | 584 (32.32) | Â | 588 (32.41) | 98 (32.67) | 686 (32.45) | Â |
Light meal | 85 (5.52) | 16 (5.97) | 101 (5.59) | Â | 117 (6.45) | 15 (5.00) | 132 (6.24) | Â |
Physical activity level — no. (%) |  |  |  | 0.40 |  |  |  | 0.99 |
Low | 1006 (65.37) | 182 (67.91) | 1188 (65.74) | Â | 1188 (65.49) | 196 (65.33) | 1384 (65.47) | Â |
Moderate | 361 (23.46) | 53 (19.78) | 414 (22.91) | Â | 425 (23.43) | 70 (23.33) | 495 (23.42) | Â |
High | 172 (11.18) | 33 (12.31) | 205 (11.34) | Â | 201 (11.08) | 34 (11.33) | 235 (11.12) | Â |
Sleep disturbances — no. (%) | 1259 (81.81) | 212 (79.10) | 1471 (81.41) | 0.29 | 1475 (81.31) | 250 (83.33) | 1725 (81.60) | 0.40 |
Lack of sleep — no. (%) | 1186 (77.67) | 204 (77.86) | 1390 (77.70) | 0.94 | 1402 (78.19) | 231 (77.52) | 1633 (78.10) | 0.79 |
Screen time (≥ 2 h per day) — no. (%) | 218 (14.17) | 29 (10.82) | 247 (13.67) | 0.14 | 258 (14.22) | 32 (10.67) | 290 (13.72) | 0.10 |
Late night snacking — no. (%) | 558 (36.26) | 103 (38.43) | 661 (36.58) | 0.50 | 667 (36.77) | 97 (32.33) | 764 (36.14) | 0.14 |
People in their household | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.36 | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.46 |
Number of siblings (≥ 1) — no. (%) | 644 (41.85) | 117 (43.66) | 761 (42.11) | 0.59 | 746 (41.12) | 138 (46.00) | 884 (41.82) | 0.11 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI status (overweight or obesity) — no. (%) | 174 (11.31) | 31 (11.57) | 205 (11.34) | 0.90 | 199 (10.97) | 25 (8.33) | 224 (10.60) | 0.17 |
Paternal pre-pregnancy BMI status (overweight or obesity) — no. (%) | 171 (11.11) | 35 (13.06) | 206 (11.40) | 0.35 | 207 (11.41) | 21 (7.00) | 228 (10.79) | 0.03 |
Perceived household income level — no. (%) |  |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.60 |
Poor | 76 (4.94) | 18 (6.72) | 94 (5.20) | Â | 89 (4.91) | 16 (5.33) | 105 (4.97) | Â |
About the same | 1113 (72.32) | 210 (78.36) | 1323 (73.22) | Â | 1350 (74.42) | 215 (71.67) | 1565 (74.03) | Â |
Richer | 350 (22.74) | 40 (14.93) | 390 (21.58) | Â | 375 (20.67) | 69 (23.00) | 444 (21.00) | Â |
Birth weight — g | 3305 (3050–3590) | 3418 (3150–3700) | 3330 (3070–3600) |  < 0.001 | 3360 (3100–3620) | 3320 (3100–3600) | 3350 (3100–3614) | 0.98 |
Birth length — cm | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 0.11 | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 0.15 |
Maternal age — years | 29 (27–32) | 29 (27–31) | 29 (27–32) | 0.31 | 29 (27–31) | 29 (27–31) | 29 (27–31) | 0.44 |
Paternal age — years | 31 (28–34) | 30 (28–34) | 31.00 (28–34) | 0.80 | 31 (28–34) | 31 (28–34) | 31 (28–34) | 0.73 |
Mother university-educated — no. (%) | 1120 (81.75) | 189 (81.47) | 1309 (81.71) | 0.92 | 1286 (80.43) | 218 (83.21) | 1504 (80.82) | 0.29 |
Father university-educated — no. (%) | 1152 (83.72) | 187 (82.38) | 1339 (83.53) | 0.61 | 1328 (82.95) | 223 (84.47) | 1551 (83.16) | 0.54 |
Preterm birth — no. (%) | 62 (4.03) | 9 (3.36) | 71 (3.93) | 0.60 | 72 (3.97) | 6 (2.01) | 78 (3.69) | 0.10 |
Cesarean delivery — no. (%) | 730 (47.46) | 133 (49.81) | 863 (47.81) | 0.48 | 879 (48.51) | 125 (41.67) | 1004 (47.54) | 0.03 |
Breastfeeding duration > 4 months — no. (%) | 242 (29.88) | 38 (20.21) | 280 (28.06) |  < 0.01 | 312 (28.57) | 47 (43.93) | 359 (29.94) |  < 0.001 |
Outcomes — no. (%) | ||||||||
Overweight or obesity | 294 (19.10) | 61 (22.76) | 355 (19.65) | 0.16 | 408 (22.49) | 18 (6.00) | 426 (20.15) |  < 0.001 |
Overweight | 220 (14.29) | 27 (10.07) | 247 (13.67) | 0.14 | 297 (16.37) | 13 (4.33) | 310 (14.66) |  < 0.001 |
Obesity | 74 (4.81) | 34 (12.69) | 108 (5.98) | 0.01 | 111 (6.12) | 5 (1.67) | 116 (5.49) |  < 0.01 |
Central obesity | 117 (7.60) | 38 (14.18) | 155 (8.58) |  < 0.001 | 163 (9.00) | 13 (4.35) | 176 (8.34) |  < 0.01 |