Table 2 COVID-19 Related Hospital Care Practices Among Mothers with Healthy, Term Infants According to US Region^{1, 2}

 Testing of Women Anticipated to Deliver

0.043

  Universal testing

69 (88.5%)

51 (77.3%)

64 (67.4%)

51 (64.6%)

  Testing based on signs and symptoms

7 (9.0%)

10 (15.2%)

27 (28.4%)

24 (30.4%)

  Testing not routinely available for pregnant women

1 (1.3%)

1 (1.5%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.3%)

  Other³

1 (1.3%)

4 (6.1%)

3 (3.2%)

2 (2.5%)

  N95

76 (97.4%)

61 (92.4%)

92 (96.8%)

76 (96.2%)

0.434

  Regular Surgical Mask

3 (3.8%)

6 (9.1%)

3 (3.2%)

5 (6.3%)

0.358

  Eye protection

76 (97.4%)

65 (98.5%)

92 (96.8%)

77 (97.5%)

0.934

  Cap

60 (76.9%)

36 (54.5%)

69 (72.6%)

41 (51.9%)

<.001

  Gown

77 (98.7%)

63 (95.5%)

93 (97.9%)

72 (91.1%)

0.068

  Gloves

78 (100.0%)

64 (97.0%)

94 (98.9%)

74 (93.7%)

0.055

 Support persons for pregnant women on Labor and Delivery

0.429

  No support persons

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.5%)

1 (1.1%)

0 (0.0%)

  Only 1 support person

77 (98.7%)

62 (93.9%)

93 (97.9%)

79 (100.0%)

  2 or more support persons

1 (1.3%)

2 (3.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 Approach to testing asymptomatic support persons of COVID positive mothers

0.006

  Not offered or required

52 (66.7%)

58 (87.9%)

77 (81.1%)

63 (79.7%)

  Offer some testing

12 (15.4%)

6 (9.1%)

10 (10.5%)

13 (16.5%)

  Required

14 (17.9%)

2 (3.0%)

6 (6.3%)

2 (2.5%)

 Location of newborn care with COVID-19 Positive Mother

0.057

  Separate room from mother

17 (21.8%)

22 (33.3%)

40 (42.1%)

18 (22.8%)

  Same room as mother with precautions to maintain separation

20 (25.6%)

10 (15.2%)

13 (13.7%)

12 (15.2%)

  Same room as mother with no precautions

1 (1.3%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

  Decisions based on shared decision making on a case-by-case basis

38 (48.7%)

34 (51.5%)

40 (42.1%)

49 (62.0%)

  Other⁴

2 (2.6%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.1%)

0 (0.0%)

 Skin-to-skin care in first hour after birth with COVID-19 Positive Mother

0.169

  Prohibited

10 (12.8%)

8 (12.1%)

17 (17.9%)

5 (6.3%)

  Discouraged

24 (30.8%)

29 (43.9%)

34 (35.8%)

27 (34.2%)

  Encouraged with precautions

10 (12.8%)

6 (9.1%)

9 (9.5%)

8 (10.1%)

  Encouraged with no precautions

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (2.1%)

0 (0.0%)

  Decisions based on shared decision making on a case-by-case basis

34 (43.6%)

23 (34.8%)

33 (34.7%)

37 (46.8%)

  Other

 Delayed or timed cord clamping with COVID-19 Positive Mother

0.087

  Yes

57 (73.1%)

39 (59.1%)

55 (57.9%)

56 (70.9%)

  No

21 (26.9%)

27 (40.9%)

40 (42.1%)

23 (29.1%)

 Delayed or timed cord clamping with non-COVID Positive Mother

0.066

  Yes

73 (93.6%)

61 (92.4%)

84 (88.4%)

78 (98.7%)

  No

5 (6.4%)

5 (7.6%)

11 (11.6%)

1 (1.3%)

 Early baths (<4 hours) with COVID-19 Positive Mother

0.152

  Yes

60 (76.9%)

59 (89.4%)

80 (84.2%)

61 (77.2%)

  No

18 (23.1%)

7 (10.6%)

15 (15.8%)

18 (22.8%)

 Early baths (<4 hours) with non-COVID-19 Positive Mother

0.616

  Yes

6 (7.7%)

5 (7.6%)

10 (10.5%)

4 (5.1%)

  No

72 (92.3%)

61 (92.4%)

85 (89.5%)

75 (94.9%)

 Approach to direct breastfeeding with COVID-19 Positive Mother

0.028

  Prohibited

3 (3.8%)

4 (6.1%)

6 (6.3%)

2 (2.5%)

  Discouraged, but permitted if family strongly desires

15 (19.2%)

22 (33.3%)

43 (45.3%)

21 (26.6%)

  Encouraged with precautions

15 (19.2%)

8 (12.1%)

11 (11.6%)

15 (19.0%)

  Decisions based on shared decision making on a case-by-case basis

45 (57.7%)

32 (48.5%)

35 (36.8%)

41 (51.9%)

  May be given by the mother with precautions

48 (61.5%)

39 (59.1%)

52 (54.7%)

50 (63.3%)

0.682

  May be given by another caregiver

59 (75.6%)

56 (84.8%)

72 (75.8%)

58 (73.4%)

0.387

  Discouraged

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.5%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (2.5%)

0.260

 Approach to testing for an infant delivered by cesarean section with anticipated discharge on day 3 or 4 with COVID-19 Positive Mother

0.003

  We generally do not test infants

6 (7.7%)

8 (12.1%)

6 (6.3%)

11 (13.9%)

  We do 1 test

35 (44.9%)

15 (22.7%)

20 (21.1%)

23 (29.1%)

  We do 2 tests

35 (44.9%)

37 (56.1%)

63 (66.3%)

34 (43.0%)

  More than 2 tests

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.5%)

1 (1.1%)

1 (1.3%)

  Unsure

0 (0.0%)

5 (7.6%)

4 (4.2%)

10 (12.7%)

  Other⁵

2 (2.6%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.1%)

0 (0.0%)

 Time of first test (n = 262; respondents that reported 1, 2, or 2+ tests)

0.041

  Before 24 hours

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.9%)

5 (6.0%)

5 (8.6%)

  Around 24 hours

49 (70.0%)

37 (69.8%)

69 (82.1%)

44 (75.9%)

  Between 24-48 hours

17 (24.3%)

10 (18.9%)

7 (8.3%)

8 (13.8%)

  Around 48 hours or after 48 hours

2 (2.8%)

5 (9.4%)

2 (2.4%)

0 (0.0%)

 Time of second test (n = 171; respondents that reported 2 or 2+ tests)

0.341

  Between 24-48 hours

1 (2.9%)

0 (0.0%)

4 (6.3%)

2 (5.7%)

  Around 48 hours

29 (82.9%)

29 (76.3%)

55 (85.9%)

28 (80.0%)

  After 48 hours

5 (14.3%)

9 (23.7%)

4 (6.3%)

5 (14.3%)

 Hearing screening

0.131

  Have not changed process

59 (75.6%)

51 (77.3%)

73 (76.8%)

61 (77.2%)

  Changed process, but occurs during hospitalization

11 (14.1%)

10 (15.2%)

4 (4.2%)

7 (8.9%)

  Deferred until after discharge

8 (10.3%)

5 (7.6%)

17 (17.9%)

9 (11.4%)

 Circumcisions

0.107

  Have not changed process

50 (64.1%)

43 (65.2%)

59 (62.1%)

57 (72.2%)

  Changed process, but occurs during hospitalization

17 (21.8%)

16 (24.2%)

12 (12.6%)

8 (10.1%)

  Deferred until after discharge

10 (12.8%)

7 (10.6%)

21 (22.1%)

11 (13.9%)

 Hepatitis B

0.396

  Have not changed process

76 (97.4%)

65 (98.5%)

94 (98.9%)

75 (94.9%)

  Changed process, but occurs during hospitalization

2 (2.6%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (2.5%)

  Deferred until after discharge

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 Bilirubin checks

0.007

  Have not changed process

67 (85.9%)

63 (95.5%)

91 (95.8%)

76 (96.2%)

  Changed process, but occurs during hospitalization

11 (14.1%)

3 (4.5%)

3 (3.2%)

1 (1.3%)

  Deferred until after discharge

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 Newborn screen

0.231

  Have not changed process

70 (89.7%)

63 (95.5%)

89 (93.7%)

75 (94.9%)

  Changed process, but occurs during hospitalization

8 (10.3%)

3 (4.5%)

5 (5.3%)

2 (2.5%)

  Deferred until after discharge

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 Congenital heart disease screen

0.450

  Have not changed process

72 (92.3%)

63 (95.5%)

92 (96.8%)

74 (93.7%)

  Changed process, but occurs during hospitalization

6 (7.7%)

2 (3.0%)

2 (2.1%)

3 (3.8%)

  Deferred until after discharge

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

 Red reflex

0.323

  Have not changed process

74 (94.9%)

65 (98.5%)

91 (95.8%)

76 (96.2%)

  Changed process, but occurs during hospitalization

3 (3.8%)

1 (1.5%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.3%)

  Deferred until after discharge

1 (1.3%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (2.1%)

0 (0.0%)

 Timing of Discharge

<0.001

  Timing hasn’t really changed

17 (21.8%)

28 (42.4%)

48 (50.5%)

36 (45.6%)

  Some dyads are discharged early

20 (25.6%)

16 (24.2%)

29 (30.5%)

26 (32.9%)

  Many dyads are discharged early

29 (37.2%)

20 (30.3%)

16 (16.8%)

8 (10.1%)

  All dyads discharge early unless a medical contraindication

12 (15.4%)

2 (3.0%)

2 (2.1%)

8 (10.1%)