Effectiveness of feeding supplementation in preterm infants: an overview of systematic reviews

Liu, Keqin; Tao, Jiaxin; Yang, Jixin; Li, Yufeng; Su, Yanwei; Mao, Jing

doi:10.1186/s12887-021-03052-w

BMC Pediatrics

Table 3 Characteristic of interventions

From: Effectiveness of feeding supplementation in preterm infants: an overview of systematic reviews

Author	Feeding supplementation	Outcome improvement
		Physical growth		Neurodevelopment		Biochemical outcomes	Other health outcomes	Morbidity of any disease	All-cause mortality
		ST	LT	ST	LT
Pammi et al.	Lactoferrin	NR	NR	NR	NSD	NR	Hospital stay ↓^c urinary tract infection ↓^c	LOS ↓^c Fungal sepsis ↓^b	NSD
Howlett et al.	Inositol	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NSD	Neonatal death ↓^b
Walsh et al.	Iodine	NSD	NR	NR	NSD	NSD	NSD	NSD	NSD
Chi et al.	Prebiotics	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Days achieve full enteral feeding↓^d Hospital stay ↓^d Stool frequency ↑^c	Sepsis ↓^a	↓^a
Armannia et al.	Prebiotics	NR	NR	NR	NR	NSD	Phototherapy rate ↓^c Hospital stay ↓^c Stool frequency ↑^a	Hyperbilirubina-emia ↓^c	NSD
Amissah et al.	Fat	NSD	NR	NR	NR	NR	NSD	NR	NR
Amissah et al.	Protein	Weight ↑^c Length ↑^c HC ↑^c	NR	NR	NR	Blood urea nitrogen ↑^c	Hospital stay ↑^d	NSD	NR
Amissah et al.	Carbohydrate	Weight ↑^d	NR	NR	NR	NR	Hospital stay ↓^d	NSD	NR
Yang et al.	Vitamin D	Length ↑^a HC ↑^a	NR	NR	NR	Ig-A ↑^a Ig-G ↑^c IL-12 ↑^b	NR	NSD	NR
Harding et al.	Calcium and/or phosphorus	NSD	NR	NR	NR	NSD	NSD	NR	NR
Shah et al.	Arginine	NR	NSD	NR	NSD	NR	NR	NEC ↓^b	NSD (death related to NEC ↓^b)
Aceti et al.	Probiotic	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	LOS ↓^a	NR
Moe-Byrne et al.	glutamine	NSD	NR	NR	NSD	NR	Days achieve full enteral feeding ↓	NSD	NSD
Moon et al.	LCPUFA	Weight ↑^c; Length ↑^c.	NSD	NR	NSD	NR	NR	NR	NR
AlFaleh et al.	Probiotics	NSD	NR	NR	NSD	NR	Hospital stay ↓^d Days achieve full enteral feeding ↓^d	NEC ↓^c	↓^d
Young et al.	Mult-inutrient	NR	NSD	NR	Visual acuity↑^c	NR	Bone mineral content (4/12 months) ↑^c	NR	NR
Verner et al.	Taurine	NSD	NR	NSD	NR	NR	Intestinal fat absorption ↑^c	NSD	NSD

ST, Short term; LT, Long Term;
NR, Not reported; NSD, No statistical significance
^a, High certainty; ^b, Moderate certainty; ^c, low certainty; ^d, very low certainty;
↑, Increase; ↓, Decrease;
LCPUFA, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; HC, head circumference; LOS, late-onset sepsis; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
Indication:
NEC is defined as Bell’s stage ≥II. [13]
Hospital stay measured in days to discharge. [13]
LOS is defined as the presence of a positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture taken 72 h after birth. [23]
Hyperbilirubinaemia is defined as follows: [1] for term and late preterm neonates (GW ≥ 35w), total bilirubin (TB) level is eligible for phototherapy or as absolute TB level ≥ 15 mg/dL. [2] for preterm neonates (GW < 35w), TB level is eligible for phototherapy or as absolute TB level > 1% of body weight. [16]
Stool frequency is defined as total number of defecations recorded per day during intervention. [16]
Days achieve full enteral feeding is defined as days from birth to establish full enteral tube feeds (at least 150 ml/kg/day). [25]
Bone mineral content assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and clinical or radiological evidence of rickets on long-term follow-up. [27]

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