Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic characteristics of 301 pediatric testicular torsion cases in different duration periods from symptoms onset to surgery

 Age at symptoms onset (month), median (IQR)

144 (76.5163.0)

148 (126.0,164.5)

136 (26.0,162.0)

141 (53,162)

0.020*

0.010*

0.176

 Average age (month), mean ± SE

119.9 ± 3.3

137.7 ± 4.98

102.8 ± 11.2

115.3 ± 4.4

0.020*

0.010*

0.176

Age category, n (%)

0.014*

0.030*

0.228

 Pre-school (0–5)

71 (23.6)

9 (11.1)

12 (36.4)

50 (26.7)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 School-age (6–12)

80 (26.6)

24 (29.6)

9 (27.3)

47 (25.1)

0.034*

0.010*

0.137

 Puberty (13–18)

150 (49.8)

48 (59.3)

12 (36.4)

90 (48.1)

0.004*

0.002*

0.134

Laterality, n (%)

0.114

0.093

0.598

 Left

232 (77.1)

57 (70.4)

29 (87.9)

146 (78.1)

 Right

69 (22.9)

24 (29.6)

4 (12.1)

41 (21.9)

Other diagnosis, n (%)

0.003*

0.020*

0.001*

 None

110 (36.5)

21 (25.9)

7 (21.2)

82 (43.9)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Cryptorchidism

19 (6.3)

5 (6.2)

1 (10.6)

13 (7.0)

0.41

0.581

0.576

 Hydrocele

154 (51.2)

51 (63.0)

23 (69.7)

80 (42.8)

0.001*

0.012*

<0.001*

 Ipsilateral

140 (90.9)

49 (96.1)

21 (91.3)

70 (87.5)

<0.001*

0.005*

<0.001*

 Contralateral

7 (4.5)

0 (0)

1 (4.3)

6 (7.5)

 Bilateral

7 (4.5)

2 (3.9)

1 (4.3)

4 (5.0)

 Inguinal hernia

3 (1.0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

3 (1.6)

 Testicular microliathiasis

8 (2.7)

2 (2.5)

1 (3.0)

5 (2.7)

0.541

0.486

0.740

Concomitant extra-scrotal symptoms, n (%)

0.181

0.065

0.135

 None

243 (80.7)

71 (87.7)

26 (78.8)

146 (78.1)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Abdominal pain

16 (5.3)

1 (1.2)

2 (6.1)

13 (7.0)

0.077

0.089

0.092

 Nausea and/or vomit

27 (9.0)

5 (6.2)

4 (12.1)

18 (9.6)

0.465

0.241

0.506

 Fever

5 (1.7)

0 (0)

1 (3.0)

4 (2.1)

 Inguinal pain/ mass

10 (3.3)

4 (4.9)

0 (0)

6 (3.2)

With symptoms progress, n (%)

0.001*

<0.001*

0.003*

 Yes

55 (18.3)

4 (4.9)

7 (21.2)

44 (23.5)

 No

246 (81.7)

77 (95.1)

26 (78.8)

143 (76.5)

History of former treatment, n (%)

<0.001*

<0.001*

<0.001*

 Yes

91 (30.2)

3 (3.7)

8 (24.2)

80 (42.8)

 No

210 (69.8)

78 (96.3)

25 (75.8)

107 (57.2)

Class of first-consultant medical establishment and diagnosis, n (%)

<0.001*

<0.001*

<0.001*

 Primary health-care unit

32 (10.6)

1 (1.2)

5 (15.2)

26 (13.9)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Highly suspected TT

2 (6.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (7.7)

 Misdiagnosis

30 (93.8)

1 (100)

5 (100)

24 (92.3)

Secondary

45 (15.0)

1 (1.2)

3 (9.1)

41 (21.9)

NA

NA

0.118

 Highly suspected TT

13 (28.9)

0 (0)

2 (66.7)

11 (26.8)

 Misdiagnosis

32 (71.1)

1 (100)

1 (33.3)

30 (73.2)

 Tertiary

224 (74.4)

79 (97.5)

25 (75.8)

120 (64.2)

0.001*

P<0.001*

0.003*

 Highly suspected TT

204 (91.1)

74 (93.7)

22 (88.0)

108 (90.0)

 Misdiagnosis

20 (8.9)

5 (6.3)

3 (12.0)

12 (10.0)

Medical insurance, n (%)

0.133

0.318

0.061

 Yes

183 (60.8)

53 (65.4)

24 (72.7)

106 (56.7)

 No

118 (39.2)

28 (34.6)

9 (27.3)

81 (43.3)

Poverty county residence, n (%)

0.004*

0.002*

0.001*

 Yes

42 (14.0)

3 (3.7)

3 (9.1)

36 (19.3)

 No

259 (86.0)

78 (96.3)

30 (90.9)

151 (80.7)

Neighboring main city zone, n (%)

<0.001*

<0.001*

<0.001*

 Yes

143 (47.5)

62 (76.5)

21 (63.6)

60 (32.1)

 No

158 (52.5)

19 (23.5)

12 (36.4)

127 (67.9)

Main guardian, n (%)

0.886

0.692

0.969

 Parents

277 (92.0)

74 (91.4)

31 (93.9)

172 (92.0)

 Grandparent

13 (4.3)

4 (4.9)

1 (3.0)

8 (4.3)

 Near relation

11 (3.7)

3 (3.7)

1 (3.0)

7 (3.7)

Degree of guardians’ education,

n (%) ^&&

0.343

0.146

0.257

 Primary school

27 (20.3)

5 (12.2)

3 (23.1)

19 (24.1)

 Secondary school

53 (39.8)

14 (34.1)

6 (46.2)

33 (41.8)

 Senior high school

25 (18.8)

11 (26.8)

3 (23.1)

11 (13.9)

 College and above

28 (21.1)

11 (26.8)

1 (7.7)

16 (20.3)