Table 1 Absolute growth and development parameters, correlation with age and comparison among three groups
Parameters | Children (n = 50) | Preschool childrena (n = 29) | School childrena (n = 21) | Adultsa (n = 22) | p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | r | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | r | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | ||
Age (year) |  | 4.5 (0.9) | 3.2–5.8 |  | 7.2 (0.9) | 6.0–8.6 |  | 24.1 (3.4) | 20.0–31.6 | abc |
General growth | ||||||||||
 Body height (cm) | 0.920** | 104.1 (7.4) | 89.0–116.6 | 0.822** | 120.9 (7.1) | 108.2–134.4 | 0.792** | 166.2 (8.2) | 152.1–178.5 | abc |
 Body mass (kg) | 0.849a** | 16.6 (2.4) | 12.4–21.0 | 0.654** | 23.6 (4.6) | 16.8–32.7 | 0.631** | 60.0 (7.4) | 48.6–76.7 | abc |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 0.225 | 15.3 (1.0) | 13.6–17.6 | - 0.303 | 16.0 (2.0) | 13.3–21.0 | 0.256 | 21.7 (2.2) | 17.2–26.9 | bc |
Segmental dimension | ||||||||||
 Thigh length (cm) | 0.902** | 22.0 (2.3) | 17.5–25.5 | 0.844** | 26.7 (1.9) | 23.0–31.5 | 0.677** | 38.3 (2.2) | 34.5–42.5 | abc |
 Shank length (cm) | 0.892** | 22.1 (2.4) | 17.5–26.0 | 0.841** | 26.7 (1.9) | 23.0–31.0 | 0.637** | 37.8 (2.2) | 34.0–42.0 | abc |
 Foot length (cm) | 0.844** | 16.8 (1.0) | 15.3–18.9 | 0.626** | 19.1 (1.4) | 16.3–22.9 | 0.755** | 24.4 (1.6) | 21.3–27.1 | abc |
 Foot height (cm) | 0.525** | 4.5 (0.3) | 3.5–5.1 | 0.133 | 4.8 (0.4) | 4.1–5.9 | 0.588** | 6.2 (0.5) | 5.4–7.4 | bc |
 Leg length: body height | 0.637a** | 0.42 (0.02) | 0.37–0.45 | 0.801** | 0.44 (0.02) | 0.42–0.47 | 0.126 | 0.46 (0.01) | 0.44–0.49 | abc |
 Foot height: foot length | - 0.371** | 0.26 (0.02) | 0.22–0.30 | - 0.333 | 0.25 (0.02) | 0.22–0.29 | 0.141 | 0.23 (0.02) | 0.19–0.29 | bc |
Muscular and adiposity | ||||||||||
 AT MT (mm) | 0.479** | 28.0 (3.9) | 18.9–34.5 | 0.157 | 31.1 (4.7) | 22.5–41.5 | 0.499* | 51.2 (3.6) | 43.9–60.1 | bc |
 PT MT (mm) | 0.756** | 32.5 (3.5) | 24.0–37.5 | 0.526** | 38.4 (4.2) | 30.2–44.3 | 0.559* | 57.9 (7.9) | 42.9–71.7 | abc |
 AL MT (mm) | 0.748** | 14.5 (1.2) | 12.0–16.6 | 0.179 | 17.3 (2.0) | 14.2–21.0 | 0.781** | 28.1 (2.0) | 25.0–33.8 | abc |
 PL MT (mm) | 0.794** | 40.0 (3.7) | 31.1–46.7 | 0.512* | 44.9 (5.9) | 34.2–55.5 | 0.683** | 65.0 (7.9) | 54.7–85.8 | abc |
 AT SAT (mm) | 0.199 | 7.6 (1.5) | 4.7–10.9 | - 0.218 | 8.7 (2.7) | 5.3–13.5 | 0.115 | 8.8 (4.6) | 3.0–17.5 | ns |
 PT SAT (mm) | 0.106 | 7.3 (1.9) | 3.0–11.2 | - 0.363 | 8.5 (3.2) | 5.0–17.5 | - 0.277 | 10.2 (5.5) | 4.0–22.7 | ns |
 AL SAT (mm) | - 0.145 | 4.1 (1.0) | 2.6–6.5 | - 0.242 | 4.1 (1.3) | 2.0–7.7 | - 0.454 | 3.5 (1.5) | 1.7–6.5 | ns |
 PL SAT (mm) | 0.228 | 5.6 (1.1) | 3.3–8.3 | - 0.103 | 6.5 (1.7) | 4.5–9.9 | - 0.201 | 6.4 (2.8) | 2.5–12.0 | ns |
 AT MT2*Thigh length (cm3) | 0.684** | 174.0 (57.8) | 62.6–303.5 | 0.384 | 268.3 (89.9) | 133.7–465.0 | 0.558* | 1007.7 (164.4) | 782.1–1498.2 | abc |
 PT MT2*Thigh length (cm3) | 0.872** | 235.1 (67.7) | 100.8–358.6 | 0.741** | 404.0 (102.8) | 210.1–573.4 | 0.644** | 1305.2 (350.4) | 745.0–1926.0 | abc |
 AL MT2*Shank length (cm3) | 0.853a** | 46.8 (11.6) | 29.5–71.5 | 0.492* | 82.2 (21.6) | 47.2–117.0 | 0.798** | 301.8 (50.3) | 231.3–438.5 | abc |
 PL MT2*Shank length (cm3) | 0.861a** | 306.8 (92.2) | 169.5–566.2 | 0.738** | 558.4 (172.8) | 274.3–954.9 | 0.694** | 1632.6 (457.4) | 1029.5–2873.3 | abc |
Strength | ||||||||||
 KE torque (Nm) | 0.604a** | 10.2 (6.3) | 2.2–25.1 | 0.317 | 21.8 (13.1) | 6.8–47.4 | 0.556* | 184.2 (43.3) | 121.3–255.1 | bc |
 KF torque (Nm) | 0.506a** | 6.4 (4.6) | 1.6–17.9 | 0.361 | 12.5 (7.6) | 3.5–32.0 | 0.519* | 74.5 (16.7) | 40.8–101.3 | bc |
 DF torque (Nm) | 0.552a** | 3.5 (2.3) | 0.6–8.5 | 0.396 | 5.8 (3.4) | 1.9–13.7 | 0.676** | 31.3 (6.3) | 19.6–40.4 | bc |
 PF torque (Nm) | 0.637a** | 9.9 (5.7) | 1.7–22.0 | 0.492* | 20.7 (11.2) | 6.1–37.9 | 0.495* | 149.6 (39.0) | 94.2–216.4 | abc |
 KF: KE | - 0.041 | 0.65 (0.27) | 0.30–1.50 | 0.155 | 0.61 (0.22) | 0.29–1.17 | - 0.025 | 0.42 (0.12) | 0.30–0.79 | bc |
 DF: PF | - 0.308a* | 0.37 (0.12) | 0.18–0.66 | - 0.179 | 0.30 (0.12) | 0.16–0.64 | 0.146 | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.14–0.32 | b |