Table 8 Population Attributable Risk by Substance
Congenital Anomaly | Cigarettes PAR | Binge Alcohol PAR | Analgesics PAR | Cocaine PAR | Cannabis PAR | Cannabidiol PAR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obstructive genitourinary defect | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.02) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.03) | 0.47 (0.38, 0.55) |
Cleft lip with and without cleft palate | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | 0.09 (0.06, 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0) | 0.34 (0.07, 0.53) |
Hirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon) | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.11) | −0.24 (−0.32, −0.16) | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | 0 (−0.09, 0.09) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.17) | 0.22 (−0.25, 0.51) |
Congenital hip dislocation | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.02) | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.28 (0.23, 0.33) | 0.25 (0.22, 0.28) | 0.21 (−0.14, 0.46) |
Pulmonary valve atresia | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) | −0.27 (−0.32, −0.22) | 0.18 (0.14, 0.23) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.16) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.17) |
Biliary atresia | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | −0.16 (−0.22, −0.1) | −0.04 (−0.1, 0.01) | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.14) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) | 0.1 (0.01, 0.18) |
Patent ductus arteriosus | −0.02 (−0.04, 0) | −0.16 (−0.18, −0.13) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) | −0.12 (−0.14, −0.09) | −0.16 (−0.17, −0.15) | 0.07 (−0.12, 0.23) |
Trisomy 13 | −0.11 (−0.13, −0.08) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.04) | 0.3 (0.27, 0.32) | 0.11 (0.09, 0.12) | 0.07 (0, 0.13) |
Small intestinal atresia/stenosis | −0.02 (−0.04, −0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) | 0.03 (0, 0.06) | 0.06 (0, 0.11) | 0.1 (0.06, 0.14) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) |
Cloacal exstrophy | 0.27 (0.22, 0.31) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | 0.1 (0.07, 0.14) | −0.23 (−0.29, −0.16) | 0.57 (0.51, 0.62) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.1) |
Single ventricle | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.25 (−0.31, −0.18) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | −0.13 (−0.22, −0.04) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.06 (0, 0.11) |
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection | −0.08 (−0.1, −0.05) | −0.17 (−0.23, −0.11) | 0.13 (0.08, 0.19) | 0.15 (0.07, 0.23) | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.11) |
Diaphragmatic hernia | 0.05 (0.03, 0.08) | −0.06 (−0.1, −0.03) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) | −0.08 (−0.13, −0.03) | 0.09 (0.06, 0.12) | 0.04 (0, 0.08) |
Double outlet right ventricle | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | −0.15 (−0.2, −0.1) | 0.04 (0, 0.07) | −0.05 (−0.11, 0) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.14) | 0.04 (0, 0.07) |
Deletion 22q11.2 | −0.11 (−0.16, −0.06) | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.19) | 0.4 (0.33, 0.47) | 0.31 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.09) |
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) | −0.04 (−0.05, −0.03) | 0.01 (0, 0.03) | 0.01 (0, 0.01) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.07) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) |
Atrioventricular septal defect | −0.01 (−0.03, 0) | −0.08 (−0.11, −0.06) | 0.02 (0, 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | 0.02 (0, 0.04) | 0.03 (0, 0.06) |
Trisomy 18 | −0.09 (−0.11, −0.07) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.16 (0.14, 0.18) | 0.11 (0.1, 0.13) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) |
Clubfoot | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | −0.05 (−0.06, −0.03) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0 (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.02 (0, 0.04) | 0.02 (0, 0.03) |
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 0.05 (0.02, 0.07) | −0.13 (−0.16, −0.1) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.06) |
Aortic valve stenosis | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.12 (−0.15, −0.08) | 0.18 (0.15, 0.2) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.02) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) |
Cleft lip alone | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.1) | −0.12 (−0.17, −0.07) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) |
Transposition of great arteries | 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) | −0.08 (−0.11, −0.05) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.1) | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.05) | 0 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) |
Anotia/microtia | −0.19 (−0.2, −0.17) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | 0.12 (0.1, 0.14) | 0.25 (0.22, 0.28) | 0 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0 (−0.05, 0.05) |
Rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.04) | 0.02 (0, 0.05) | −0.07 (−0.11, −0.04) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.02) | 0 (−0.03, 0.03) |
Spina bifida without anencephalus | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.04) | 0.12 (0.1, 0.14) | 0 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.02 (0, 0.04) | 0 (−0.04, 0.04) |
Gastroschisis | 0 (−0.02, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.02) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.17) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | 0 (−0.04, 0.03) |
Cleft lip with cleft palate | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | 0.12 (0.1, 0.15) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | 0 (−0.03, 0.02) |
Congenital posterior urethral valves | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) | −0.17 (−0.21, −0.12) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | −0.09 (−0.17, −0.02) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.13) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) |
Coarctation of the aorta | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) | −0.12 (−0.14, −0.1) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | −0.08 (−0.11, −0.05) | 0.14 (0.12, 0.15) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) |
Anencephalus | −0.03 (−0.05, 0) | −0.12 (−0.16, −0.09) | 0.12 (0.1, 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) |
Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula | 0.02 (0, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) | 0 (−0.05, 0.05) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.03) |
Interrupted aortic arch | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.03) | 0.12 (0.04, 0.19) | −0.13 (−0.28, −0.01) | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) |
Tetralogy of Fallot | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | −0.09 (−0.11, −0.06) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) |
Encephalocele | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) | −0.13 (−0.18, −0.08) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | −0.05 (−0.1, 0) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.1, 0.05) |
Dextro-transposition of great arteries (d-TGA) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.07 (−0.14, −0.01) | −0.13 (−0.17, −0.09) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.01) |
Limb deficiencies (reduction defects) | 0.02 (0, 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | 0.03 (0, 0.05) | −0.1 (−0.14, −0.06) | −0.13 (−0.15, −0.1) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.02) |
Turner syndrome | −0.12 (−0.15, −0.09) | 0.05 (0, 0.09) | 0 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.1) | 0.12 (0.1, 0.14) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.03) |
Congenital cataract | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.01) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | −0.06 (−0.12, 0) |
Cleft palate alone | 0.05 (0.03, 0.06) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0) | −0.07 (−0.1, −0.04) |
Bladder exstrophy | 0.13 (0.04, 0.21) | −0.03 (−0.13, 0.07) | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.14) | −0.07 (−0.23, 0.06) | 0.01 (−0.1, 0.11) | −0.07 (−0.24, 0.08) |
Craniosynostosis | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | −0.15 (−0.18, −0.12) | 0.04 (0, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) | −0.25 (−0.28, −0.22) | −0.07 (−0.1, −0.05) |
Pulmonary valve atresia and stenosis | 0 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.11 (−0.13, −0.1) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.04) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.11, −0.06) |
Holoprosencephaly | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) | −0.18 (−0.22, −0.14) | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.04) | −0.61 (−0.65, −0.57) | 0.1 (0.07, 0.13) | −0.1 (−0.13, −0.07) |
Ebstein anomaly | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) | −0.12 (−0.17, −0.06) | 0.11 (0.05, 0.16) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.1, 0) | −0.1 (−0.19, −0.02) |
Choanal atresia | 0.09 (0.05, 0.13) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | −0.07 (−0.11, −0.03) | −0.07 (−0.14, −0.01) | −0.1 (−0.15, −0.06) | −0.11 (−0.18, −0.05) |
Omphalocele | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.05) | 0.03 (0, 0.05) | −0.09 (−0.13, −0.06) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.12 (−0.17, −0.06) |
Ventricular septal defect | 0.06 (0.05, 0.06) | −0.06 (−0.07, −0.06) | −0.05 (−0.06, −0.04) | −0.11 (−0.12, −0.1) | −0.08 (−0.09, −0.07) | −0.13 (−0.14, −0.12) |
Pyloric stenosis | 0.24 (0.21, 0.26) | −0.39 (−0.41, −0.36) | 0.2 (0.19, 0.22) | −0.16 (−0.19, −0.14) | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.01) | −0.14 (−0.31, 0.01) |
Common truncus (truncus arteriosus) | 0.22 (0.17, 0.27) | −0.18 (−0.24, −0.13) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) | −0.18 (−0.28, −0.1) | −0.13 (−0.18, −0.07) | −0.14 (−0.23, −0.06) |
Hypospadias | 0.12 (0.11, 0.12) | −0.05 (−0.05, −0.04) | −0.01 (−0.01, 0) | 0 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.13 (−0.13, −0.12) | −0.18 (−0.19, −0.17) |
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.02) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.13) | −0.21 (−0.23, −0.18) | −0.18 (−0.24, −0.12) |
Hydrocephalus without spina bifida | 0.09 (0.06, 0.12) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.02) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) | −0.19 (−0.5, 0.06) |
Amniotic Bands | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) | −0.14 (−0.22, −0.06) | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | −0.11 (−0.22, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.1, 0.03) | −0.19 (−1.07, 0.31) |
Renal agenesis/hypoplasia | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.05, 0) | −0.02 (−0.03, 0) | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.06) | −0.23 (−0.25, −0.22) | −0.26 (−0.29, −0.23) |
Reduction deformity, Lower limbs | 0.06 (0, 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | −0.1 (−0.19, −0.01) | −0.05 (−0.1, −0.01) | −0.31 (−1.07, 0.17) |
Atrial septal defect | 0.28 (0.27, 0.28) | −0.2 (−0.21, −0.2) | 0.09 (0.09, 0.1) | −0.17 (−0.18, −0.16) | −0.13 (−0.14, −0.13) | −0.34 (−0.35, −0.33) |
Tricuspid valve atresia and stenosis | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.07) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.01) | −0.16 (−0.18, −0.13) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.13) | −0.23 (−0.26, −0.21) | −0.42 (−0.47, −0.37) |
Microcephalus | 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) | −0.11 (−0.16, −0.06) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.07) | −0.44 (−0.78, −0.17) |
Epispadias | −0.09 (−0.2, 0.01) | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.2) | −0.1 (−0.17, −0.03) | 0.13 (0.01, 0.24) | 0.07 (0, 0.14) | −0.48 (−0.96, −0.11) |
Reduction deformity, Upper limbs | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.03) | −0.1 (−0.13, −0.07) | −0.92 (−1.52, −0.46) |
Aniridia | 0.09 (−0.22, 0.32) | −0.35 (−0.57, −0.16) | 0.21 (0.07, 0.33) | 0.25 (0.04, 0.42) | 0.11 (−0.04, 0.24) | – |