| No Treatment | Medical care | Self-care or Traditional healer | Chi-Square Test (Cramer’s V Test) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | |
Region of Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Western | 76 | 53.15 | 62 | 43.36 | 5 | 3.50 | 40.507 (0.115)** |
Central | 79 | 66.95 | 32 | 27.12 | 7 | 5.93 | |
Greater Accra | 57 | 49.57 | 51 | 44.35 | 7 | 6.09 | |
Volta | 121 | 71.18 | 45 | 26.47 | 4 | 2.35 | |
Eastern | 93 | 58.13 | 59 | 36.88 | 8 | 5.00 | |
Ashanti | 102 | 54.55 | 76 | 40.64 | 9 | 4.81 | |
Brong-Ahafo | 72 | 54.55 | 55 | 41.67 | 5 | 3.79 | |
Northern | 145 | 60.42 | 81 | 33.75 | 14 | 5.83 | |
Upper East | 63 | 52.94 | 54 | 45.38 | 2 | 1.68 | |
Upper West | 77 | 48.13 | 78 | 48.75 | 5 | 3.13 | |
Child Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
4 years | 118 | 61.14 | 64 | 33.16 | 11 | 5.70 | 14.533 (0.068) |
3 years | 146 | 62.13 | 78 | 33.19 | 11 | 4.68 | |
2 years | 183 | 58.28 | 117 | 37.26 | 14 | 4.46 | |
1 year | 221 | 51.52 | 194 | 45.22 | 14 | 3.26 | |
less than 1 year | 217 | 58.18 | 140 | 37.53 | 16 | 4.29 | |
Child Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 437 | 55.46 | 313 | 39.72 | 38 | 4.82 | 2.826 (0.043) |
Female | 448 | 59.26 | 280 | 37.04 | 28 | 3.70 | |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 189 | 45.22 | 218 | 52.15 | 11 | 2.63 | 46.469 (0.174)*** |
Rural | 696 | 61.81 | 375 | 33.30 | 55 | 4.88 | |
Maternal Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
15-19 years | 41 | 61.19 | 21 | 31.34 | 5 | 7.46 | 22.715 (0.086)* |
20-24 years | 203 | 61.89 | 116 | 35.37 | 9 | 2.74 | |
25-29 years | 234 | 54.42 | 178 | 41.40 | 18 | 4.19 | |
30-34 years | 182 | 56.70 | 120 | 37.38 | 19 | 5.92 | |
35-39 years | 119 | 51.52 | 102 | 44.16 | 10 | 4.33 | |
40-44 years | 77 | 62.60 | 45 | 36.59 | 1 | 0.81 | |
45-49 years | 29 | 65.91 | 11 | 25.0 | 4 | 9.09 | |
Marital Status - Mother | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | 651 | 56.51 | 456 | 39.58 | 45 | 3.91 | 9.545 (0.056) |
Common-law | 135 | 60.27 | 79 | 35.27 | 10 | 4.46 | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 68 | 64.15 | 30 | 28.30 | 8 | 7.55 | |
Never-in-union | 31 | 50.00 | 28 | 45.16 | 3 | 4.84 | |
Religion - Mother | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Christian | 610 | 55.05 | 453 | 40.88 | 45 | 4.06 | 25.012 (0.090)** |
Islam | 138 | 58.97 | 89 | 38.03 | 7 | 2.99 | |
Traditional | 63 | 73.26 | 16 | 18.60 | 7 | 8.14 | |
Other | 61 | 66.30 | 25 | 27.17 | 6 | 6.52 | |
No religion | 13 | 54.17 | 10 | 41.67 | 1 | 4.17 | |
Highest level of Education - Mother | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No formal education | 393 | 61.12 | 221 | 34.37 | 29 | 4.51 | 22.464 (0.085)*** |
Primary | 220 | 59.46 | 132 | 35.68 | 18 | 4.86 | |
Secondary or High School | 260 | 52.31 | 218 | 43.86 | 19 | 3.82 | |
Higher education | 12 | 35.29 | 22 | 64.71 | 0 | 0.00 | |
Employment status - Mother | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Unemployed | 127 | 66.49 | 61 | 31.94 | 3 | 1.57 | 8.037 (0.075)* |
Employed | 710 | 56.57 | 493 | 39.28 | 52 | 4.14 | |
Health Insurance status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Uninsured | 722 | 61.71 | 386 | 32.99 | 62 | 5.30 | 64.987 (0.205)*** |
Insured | 163 | 43.58 | 207 | 55.35 | 4 | 1.07 | |
Sex of Household head | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 654 | 56.62 | 453 | 39.22 | 48 | 4.16 | 1.329 (0.029) |
Female | 231 | 59.38 | 140 | 35.99 | 18 | 4.63 | |
Household wealth | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poorest | 337 | 64.93 | 152 | 29.29 | 30 | 5.78 | 58.270 (0.137)*** |
Poorer | 212 | 61.99 | 114 | 33.33 | 16 | 4.68 | |
Middle | 162 | 54.55 | 127 | 42.76 | 8 | 2.69 | |
Rich | 107 | 47.77 | 109 | 48.66 | 8 | 3.57 | |
Richest | 67 | 41.36 | 91 | 56.17 | 4 | 2.47 | |
DHS Period | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1993 GDHS | 48 | 48.98 | 39 | 39.80 | 11 | 11.22 | 63.556 (0.144)*** |
1998 GDHS | 296 | 69.00 | 107 | 24.94 | 26 | 6.06 | |
2003 GDHS | 189 | 54.00 | 149 | 42.57 | 12 | 3.43 | |
2008 GHDS | 164 | 54.13 | 130 | 42.90 | 9 | 2.97 | |
2014 GDHS | 188 | 51.65 | 168 | 46.15 | 8 | 2.20 | |
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 |