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Table 2 Maternal and household socioeconomic characteristics by type of treatment sought for ARI symptoms (n = 1,544)

From: Determinants of the type of health care sought for symptoms of Acute respiratory infection in children: analysis of Ghana demographic and health surveys

 

No Treatment

Medical care

Self-care or Traditional healer

Chi-Square Test (Cramer’s V Test)

 

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage

Region of Residence

       

Western

76

53.15

62

43.36

5

3.50

40.507 (0.115)**

Central

79

66.95

32

27.12

7

5.93

Greater Accra

57

49.57

51

44.35

7

6.09

Volta

121

71.18

45

26.47

4

2.35

Eastern

93

58.13

59

36.88

8

5.00

Ashanti

102

54.55

76

40.64

9

4.81

Brong-Ahafo

72

54.55

55

41.67

5

3.79

Northern

145

60.42

81

33.75

14

5.83

Upper East

63

52.94

54

45.38

2

1.68

Upper West

77

48.13

78

48.75

5

3.13

Child Age

       

4 years

118

61.14

64

33.16

11

5.70

14.533 (0.068)

3 years

146

62.13

78

33.19

11

4.68

2 years

183

58.28

117

37.26

14

4.46

1 year

221

51.52

194

45.22

14

3.26

less than 1 year

217

58.18

140

37.53

16

4.29

Child Sex

       

Male

437

55.46

313

39.72

38

4.82

2.826 (0.043)

Female

448

59.26

280

37.04

28

3.70

Place of residence

       

Urban

189

45.22

218

52.15

11

2.63

46.469 (0.174)***

Rural

696

61.81

375

33.30

55

4.88

Maternal Age

       

15-19 years

41

61.19

21

31.34

5

7.46

22.715 (0.086)*

20-24 years

203

61.89

116

35.37

9

2.74

25-29 years

234

54.42

178

41.40

18

4.19

30-34 years

182

56.70

120

37.38

19

5.92

35-39 years

119

51.52

102

44.16

10

4.33

40-44 years

77

62.60

45

36.59

1

0.81

45-49 years

29

65.91

11

25.0

4

9.09

Marital Status - Mother

       

Married

651

56.51

456

39.58

45

3.91

9.545 (0.056)

Common-law

135

60.27

79

35.27

10

4.46

Widowed/divorced/separated

68

64.15

30

28.30

8

7.55

Never-in-union

31

50.00

28

45.16

3

4.84

Religion - Mother

       

Christian

610

55.05

453

40.88

45

4.06

25.012 (0.090)**

Islam

138

58.97

89

38.03

7

2.99

Traditional

63

73.26

16

18.60

7

8.14

Other

61

66.30

25

27.17

6

6.52

No religion

13

54.17

10

41.67

1

4.17

Highest level of Education - Mother

       

No formal education

393

61.12

221

34.37

29

4.51

22.464 (0.085)***

Primary

220

59.46

132

35.68

18

4.86

Secondary or High School

260

52.31

218

43.86

19

3.82

Higher education

12

35.29

22

64.71

0

0.00

Employment status - Mother

       

Unemployed

127

66.49

61

31.94

3

1.57

8.037 (0.075)*

Employed

710

56.57

493

39.28

52

4.14

Health Insurance status

       

Uninsured

722

61.71

386

32.99

62

5.30

64.987 (0.205)***

Insured

163

43.58

207

55.35

4

1.07

Sex of Household head

       

Male

654

56.62

453

39.22

48

4.16

1.329 (0.029)

Female

231

59.38

140

35.99

18

4.63

Household wealth

       

Poorest

337

64.93

152

29.29

30

5.78

58.270 (0.137)***

Poorer

212

61.99

114

33.33

16

4.68

Middle

162

54.55

127

42.76

8

2.69

Rich

107

47.77

109

48.66

8

3.57

Richest

67

41.36

91

56.17

4

2.47

DHS Period

       

1993 GDHS

48

48.98

39

39.80

11

11.22

63.556 (0.144)***

1998 GDHS

296

69.00

107

24.94

26

6.06

2003 GDHS

189

54.00

149

42.57

12

3.43

2008 GHDS

164

54.13

130

42.90

9

2.97

2014 GDHS

188

51.65

168

46.15

8

2.20

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05