Table 5 Factors associated with under-five mortality among children 0–59 months without matching (N = 6,098)
Characteristics | OR (95 % CI) | aOR(95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|
Survey year | Â | Â |
2008 | Â | Â |
2014 | 0.63(0.40-1.0) | 0.89(0.49–1.62) |
Age(months) | Â | Â |
< 1 |  |  |
1 to 5 | 0.02(0.01–0.05) | 0.02(0.01–0.04) |
6 to 11 | 0.03(0.01–0.06) | 0.02(0.01–0.05) |
12 and above | 0.01(0.004–0.02 | 0.01(0.002–0.01) |
Gender | Â | Â |
Male | Â | Â |
Female | 0.90(0.57–1.41) | 0.87(0.49–1.56) |
Birth interval | Â | Â |
>=2 years | Â | Â |
Less than 2 | 1.88(0.94–3.76) | 2.17(1.07–4.40) |
Birth order | Â | Â |
Below 3 | Â | Â |
>= 3 | 1.95(1.21–3.14) | 1.80(0.87–3.68) |
Birth weight | Â | Â |
Normal | Â | Â |
Small | 1.26(0.67- 2.37) | 0.84(0.32–2.24) |
Multiple birth | Â | Â |
Singleton | Â | Â |
Multiple birth | 4.99(2.20-11.33) | 6.55(1.56–27.57) |
Delivery type | Â | Â |
Vaginal | Â | Â |
Caesarean | 1.09(0.50–2.41) | 0.87(0.35–2.17) |
Region | Â | Â |
Northern belt | Â | Â |
Middle belt | 0.74(0.43–1.28) | 0.75(0.32–1.75) |
Southern belt | 0.46(0.26–0.83) | 0.44(0.16–1.23) |
Urban/rural residence | Â | Â |
Urban | Â | Â |
Rural | 1.34(0.82–2.18) | 0.86(0.35–2.16) |
Wealth quintile | Â | Â |
Poorest | Â | Â |
Poorer | 0.70(0.37–1.33) | 0.86(0.32–2.32) |
Middle | 0.59(0.29–1.19) | 1.00(0.32–3.18) |
Richer | 0.58(0.27–1.22) | 0.82(0.19–3.57) |
Richest | 0.37(0.15–0.94) | 1.21(0.24–6.21) |
Polygamous home | Â | Â |
Not polygamous | Â | Â |
Polygamous | 1.99(1.14–3.49) | 1.94(1.05–3.61) |
Household size | Â | Â |
< 6 |  |  |
>=6 | 1.69(1.05–2.72) | 1.01(0.51–2.36) |
No. of CU5 in household | Â | Â |
1–2 |  |  |
3 and above | 1.03(0.52–2.04) | 0.19(0.07–0.54) |
Maternal age | Â | Â |
< 35 |  |  |
>=35 | 1.19(0.73–1.93) | 0.81(0.38–1.71) |
Maternal education | Â | Â |
None | Â | Â |
Primary | 1.44(0.82–2.53) | 1.16(0.48–2.80) |
Secondary or higher | 0.36(0.20–0.65) | 0.51(0.20–1.30) |
Married | Â | Â |
Not Married | Â | Â |
Married | 0.92(0.56–1.50) | 0.69(0.34–1.39) |
Religion | Â | Â |
Orthodox | Â | Â |
Pentecostal | 0.83(0.45–1.55) | 0.90(0.40–2.01) |
Islam | 1.35(0.67–2.72) | 1.32(0.52–3.34) |
Others | 2.02(0.90–4.55) | 1.26(0.41–3.86) |
Ethnicity | Â | Â |
Akan | Â | Â |
Mole-Dagbani | 1.35(0.74–2.45) | 0.66(0.21–2.08) |
Others | 1.39(0.80–2.40) | 1.25(0.57–2.73) |
Mother’s employment |  |  |
Not employed | Â | Â |
Employed | 0.76(0.42–1.37) | 0.76(0.34–1.72) |
Contraceptives use | Â | Â |
No use | Â | Â |
Use | 0.71(0.38–1.30) | 1.40(0.63–3.08) |
Sanitation | Â | Â |
Not improved | Â | Â |
Improved | 0.64(0.29–1.38) | 0.91(0.35–2.36) |
Antenatal visits | Â | Â |
< 4plus visits |  |  |
4 + visit | 0.61(0.36–1.04) | 0.82(0.40–1.69) |
Tetanus toxoid vaccine | Â | Â |
Not received | Â | Â |
Received | 0.73(0.44–1.21) | 0.83(0.40–1.75) |
Skilled delivery | Â | Â |
Not skilled | Â | Â |
Skilled | 0.80(0.49–1.32) | 1.57(0.64–3.89) |
Improved water source | Â | Â |
Not improved | Â | Â |
Improved | 1.45(0.82–2.55) | 1.40(0.66–2.98) |
Water connected | Â | Â |
Not connected | Â | Â |
Connected | 0.89(0.35–2.26) | 0.65(0.19–2.24) |
ITN/IRS protection | Â | Â |
Not protected | Â | Â |
Protected | 0.70(0.41–1.20) | 0.77(0.37–1.60) |
Hygienic disposal of stool | Â | Â |
Not hygienic | Â | Â |
Hygienic | 0.35(0.20–0.62) | 0.59(0.32–1.07) |
Clean postnatal care in 2days | Â | Â |
No clean postnatal | Â | Â |
Clean postnatal | 0.36(0.18–0.71) | 0.40(0.16–0.99) |
Iron intake > 90 days |  |  |
No iron intake | Â | Â |
Iron intake | 1.01(0.63–1.61) | 1.49(0.75–2.94) |
Early breastfeeding | Â | Â |
Not early | Â | Â |
Early | 0.33(0.2–0.54) | 0.39(0.21–0.72) |
IPT-p | Â | Â |
No IPT-p | Â | Â |
IPT-p | 1.00(0.62–1.63) | 1.47(0.76–2.86) |
NHIS status | Â | Â |
Not covered | Â | Â |
Covered | 0.70(0.44–1.13) | 0.55(0.31–0.96) |