Table 1 Anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics by BMI categories of school adolescents
From: Obesity determinants among Malaysian 12-year old school adolescents: findings from the HAT study
Socio-demographic characteristics | Thin (n = 116) | Normal (n = 831) | Overweight (n = 244) | Obese (n = 213) | P-valuea (χ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | 26.6 ± 3.2 | 34.9 ± 5.5 | 47.1 ± 6.2 | 59.9 ± 10.7 | <0.001b |
Height | 141 ± 7.7 | 143.2 ± 7.6 | 146.6 ± 8.5 | 147.3 ± 12.6 | |
BMI | 13.4 ± 0.8 | 16.9 ± 1.6 | 21.8 ± 1.1 | 27.3 ± 3.2 | |
BAZ | -2.8 ± 0.7 | -0.4 ± 08 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | |
Gender | |||||
 Boys | 50 (7.7) | 374 (57.5) | 120 (18.5) | 106 (16.3) | 0.411 (2.9) |
 Girls | 66 (8.8) | 457 (60.6) | 124 (16.4) | 107 (14.2) | |
Demographic factors | |||||
 Locality | |||||
  Rural | 45 (9.9) | 273 (60.3) | 69 (15.2) | 66 (14.6) | 0.228 |
  Urban | 71 (7.5) | 558 (58.7) | 175 (18.4) | 147 (15.5) | (4.3) |
Biological factors | |||||
 Ethnicity | |||||
  Malay | 110 (8.3) | 781 (59.3) | 225 (17.1) | 202 (15.3) | 0.634 |
  Non-Malay | 6 (7.0) | 50 (58.1) | 19 (22.1) | 11 (12.8) | (1.7) |
Birth weight | |||||
 Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) | 21 (12.3) | 101 (59.1) | 29 (17.0) | 20 (11.7) | 0.280 |
 Normal (2.5 – 4.2 kg) | 84 (8.3) | 593 (58.5) | 186 (18.3) | 151 (14.9) | (3.8) |
Breastfeeding history | |||||
 Yes | 111 (8.6) | 767 (59.5) | 224 (17.4) | 188 (14.6) | 0.654 |
 No | 5 (6.8) | 40 (54.8) | 14 (19.2) | 14 (19.2) | (1.6) |
Gestational DM | |||||
 Yes | 5 (4.5) | 63 (56.8) | 23 (20.7) | 20 (18.0) | 0.312 |
 No | 107 (8.8) | 716 (58.8) | 215 (17.7) | 179 (14.7) | (3.6) |
Mother’s perceived BMI (current) | |||||
 Underweight | 6 (14.6) | 26 (63.4) | 4 (9.8) | 5 (12.2) | < 0.001 |
 Normal | 36 (10.2) | 229 (65.1) | 54 (15.3) | 33 (9.4) | (33.3) |
 Overweight | 24 (7.0) | 193 (56.1) | 67 (19.5) | 60 (17.4) |  |
 Obese | 5 (3.3) | 80 (52.6) | 31 (20.4) | 36 (23.7) |  |
Father’s perceived BMI (current) | |||||
 Underweight | 4 (21.1) | 12 (63.2) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
 Normal | 32 (10.9) | 205 (69.7) | 39 (13.3) | 18 (6.1) | (55.3) |
 Overweight | 20 (6.8) | 154 (52.4) | 59 (20.1) | 61 (20.7) |  |
 Obese | 7 (4.6) | 77 (51.0) | 30 (19.9) | 37 (24.5) |  |
Economic status | |||||
 Household size | 6.52±2.0 | 6.52±2.06 | 6.27±2.12 | 6.06±1.69 | 0.016c |
 Household income (RM) | 2622.8 ± 3300.8 | 2686 ± 3042.7 | 3280 ± 3426.9 | 4380 ± 3467* | <0.001 |
Income level | |||||
 Low (< RM 2300) | 60 (8.6) | 413 (62.1) | 118 (17.1) | 69 (12.2) | <0.001 |
 Middle (RM 2300-5599) | 17 (8.2) | 124 (57.5) | 33 (14.6) | 40 (19.7) | (31.3) |
 High (> RM 5600) | 13 (6.7) | 88 (46.7) | 42 (22.1) | 47 (24.6) |  |
Mother’s current working status | |||||
 Working | 44 (8.6) | 272 (52.9) | 105 (20.4) | 93 (18.1) | 0.001 |
 Not working | 67 (8.9) | 474 (62.9) | 121 (62.9) | 92 (12.2) | (15.7) |
Education status | |||||
 Mother’s educational level | |||||
  Primary education | 7 (5.4) | 78 (60.0) | 27 (20.8) | 18 (13.8) | 0.021 |
  Secondary education | 89 (9.1) | 599 (61.0) | 161 (16.4) | 133 (13.5) | (14.9) |
  Tertiary education | 19 (8.2) | 116 (50.0) | 51 (22.0) | 46 (19.8) |  |
Father’s educational level | |||||
 Primary education | 13 (7.9) | 108 (65.9) | 26 (15.9) | 17 (10.4) | 0.062 |
 Secondary education | 70 (8.2) | 518 (60.8) | 140 (16.4) | 124 (14.6) | (12.0) |
 Tertiary education | 18 (7.6) | 122 (51.7) | 52 (22.0) | 44 (18.6) |  |
Family structure | |||||
 Mother’s age (years) | 42.08±5.45 | 42.63±6.04 | 43.09±5.59 | 42.99±6.09 | 0.416c |
 Father’s age (years) | 47.21±6.68 | 47.15±7.2 | 47.99±7.54 | 47.73±7.45 | 0.428c |
Mother’s marital status | |||||
 Married | 105 (8.3) | 754 (59.6) | 218 (17.2) | 188 (14.9) | 0.166 |
 Divorced/Single parent | 11 (11.6) | 47 (49.5) | 23 (24.2) | 14 (14.7) | (5.1) |