Table 3 Prevalence of ACE subtypes and adolescent violence (%)

Any category reported

77.76

79.08

76.41

0.186

Variable-centered subtypes

Abuse

61.29

63.01

59.52

0.140

  Emotional abuse

56.94

56.26

57.64

0.579

  Physical abuse

38.15

39.21

37.06

0.375

  Sexual abuse

8.18

9.94

6.35

0.007

Neglect

64.12

64.39

63.83

0.810

  Emotional neglect

51.76

49.02

54.61

0.021

  Physical neglect

38.12

43.98

32.15

< 0.001

Household dysfunction

18.24

19.65

16.77

0.123

  Parental substance abuse

3.57

5.01

2.11

0.002

  Parental emotional distress

8.32

8.25

7.38

0.172

  Mother treated violently

5.19

4.61

5.79

0.281

  Parental incarceration

2.36

1.91

2.82

0.225

  Household instability

7.18

7.05

7.31

0.840

Person-centered subtypes

  Class 1 – low ACEs

50.23

49.94

50.54

0.820

  Class2 – high neglect and abuse

42.06

42.66

41.44

  Class 3 – high ACEs

7.71

8.02

7.40

School bullying

  Victimization

36.59

42.43

30.54

< 0.001

  Perpetration

7.06

8.79

5.27

0.005

  Victim-perpetrator

5.82

7.51

4.07

0.002