Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants from PREBONE-KIDS study (N=243)
| Â | Total (n=243) | Boys (n= 127) | Girls (n=116) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 10.1 ± 1.0 | 10.2 ± 0.9 | 10.0 ± 1.0 | 0.122 |
Ethnicity | ||||
 Malay | 220 (90.5) | 110(86.6) | 110 (94.8) |  |
 Indian | 23 (9.5) | 17 (13.4) | 6 (5.2) | |
Tanner stage | ||||
 Stage 1 | 230 (94.7) | 125 (98.4) | 105 (90.5) |  |
 Stage 2 | 13 (5.3) | 2 (1.6) | 11 (9.5) | |
Weight (kg) | 34.0 ± 12.1 | 34.7 ± 13.3 | 33.1 ± 10.8 | 0.292 |
Height (cm) | 135.8 ± 9.1 | 136.1 ± 8.9 | 135.4 ± 9.5 | 0.580 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.0 ± 4.5 | 18.3 ± 4.8 | 17.7 ± 4.2 | 0.332 |
BMI-for-age Z-score | 0.187 ± 1.693 | 0.321 ± 1.742 | 0.040 ± 1.632 | 0.198 |
BMI Z-score classification, n (%) | ||||
 Thinness | 21 (8.7) | 9 (7.1) | 12 (10.3) |  |
 Normal | 142 (58.4) | 74 (58.3) | 67 (57.8) | |
 Overweight | 37 (15.2) | 18 (14.2) | 21 (18.1) | |
 Obese | 43 (17.7) | 26 (20.5) | 16 (13.8) | |
Bone parameters | ||||
 Lumbar Spine (LS) | ||||
  Area (cm2) | 29.7 ± 4.2 | 30.0 ± 4.1 | 29.3 ± 4.3 | 0.182 |
  BMC (g) | 21.7 ± 5.2 | 21.6 ± 4.7 | 21.9 ± 5.7 | 0.725 |
  BMD (g/cm2) | 0.725 ± 0.091 | 0.715 ± 0.081 | 0.736 ± 0.100 | 0.064 |
 Total Body (TB) | ||||
  Area (cm2) | 1462.0 ± 184.6 | 1480.5 ± 188.3 | 1441.8 ± 179.0 | 0.102 |
  BMC (g) | 1129.5 ± 231.6 | 1160.4 ± 237.9 | 1095.6 ± 220.6 | 0.029 |
  BMD (g/cm2) | 0.768 ± 0.075 | 0.780 ± 0.075 | 0.754 ± 0.072 | 0.006 |
  BMD z-score | 0.789 ± 0.960 | 0.890 ± 0.921 | 0.678 ± 0.994 | 0.087 |
 Total body less head (TBLH) | ||||
  Area(cm2) | 1234.5 ± 183.7 | 1251.0 ± 187.8 | 1216.5 ± 178.2 | 0.143 |
  BMC(g) | 815.5 ± 220.3 | 836.6 ± 231.3 | 792.4 ± 206.2 | 0.118 |
  BMD (g/cm2) | 0.650 ± 0.086 | 0.658 ± 0.088 | 0.642 ± 0.082 | 0.140 |
Body composition | ||||
 LM (kg) | 21.79 ± 5.29 | 22.50 ± 5.40 | 21.00 ± 5.07 | 0.026 |
 FM (kg) | 10.93 ± 7.08 | 11.00 ± 7.98 | 10.85 ± 5.98 | 0.876 |
 BF (%) | 29.87 ± 8.44 | 28.82 ± 9.17 | 31.06 ± 7.39 | 0.035 |
Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 43.9 ± 14.5 | 50.3 ± 13.7 | 36.8 ± 11.9 | <0.001 |
Energy (Kcal) | 1457 ± 450 (IQR: 1129 - 1711) | 1543 ± 463 (IQR: 1213 - 1778) | 1363 ± 417 (IQR: 1071 - 1574) | 0.002 |
Protein intake | 61.4 ± 21.6 (IQR: 48.2 – 69.7) | 65.7 ± 23.3 (IQR: 50.8 – 72.8) | 56.6 ± 18.7 (IQR: 44.0 – 66.6) | 0.001 |
Calcium intake (mg) | 349 ± 180 (IQR: 218 – 459) | 356 ± 166 (IQR: 217 – 468) | 341 ±194 (IQR: 218 – 452) | 0.510 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 1.5 ± 1.6 (IQR: 0.3 – 2.2) | 1.5 ± 1.6 (IQR: 0.4 – 2.3) | 1.4 ± 1.6 (IQR: 0.2 – 2.1) | 0.638 |
PA level (MET scores) | 822 ± 447 | 961 ± 502 | 670 ± 317 | <0.001 |