Association between humidifier disinfectant exposure during infancy and subsequent neuropsychiatric outcomes during childhood: a nation-wide cross-sectional study

Table 3 Association of HD exposure with behavioral/neuropsychiatric outcomes ^a

	OR (95% CI)	P value	aOR^b (95% CI)	P value
Total problems	1.553 (1.181 to 2.042)	0.002	1.538 (1.148 to 2.059)	0.004
Internalizing problems	1.375 (1.060 to 1.784)	0.017	1.296 (0.981 to 1.712)	0.068
Emotionally reactive	1.571 (1.043 to 2.365)	0.031	1.548 (1.004 to 2.387)	0.048
Withdrawal	1.419 (0.995 to 2.025)	0.053	1.449 (0.995 to 2.109)	0.053
Somatic complaints	1.283 (0.888 to 1.852)	0.184	1.176 (0.803 to 1.723)	0.404
Anxious/Depressed	1.438 (0.972 to 2.127)	0.069	1.430 (0.955 to 2.143)	0.083
Externalizing problems	1.407 (1.067 to 1.856)	0.016	1.393 (0.992 to 1.955)	0.056
Attention problems	2.123 (1.240 to 3.635)	0.006	1.957 (1.104 to 3.469)	0.022
Aggressive behavior	1.451 (0.942 to 2.235)	0.091	1.489 (0.947 to 2.342)	0.085
Sleep problems	1.490 (1.016 to 2.186)	0.041	1.637 (1.099 to 2.438)	0.015
Other problems	1.544 (1.031 to 2.313)	0.035	1.369 (0.888 to 2.109)	0.155
DSM-oriented scales
Affective problems	1.458 (1.006 to 2.115)	0.047	1.403 (0.951 to 2.071)	0.088
Anxiety problems	1.340 (0.848 to 2.117)	0.210	1.294 (0.803 to 2.085)	0.290
Pervasive developmental problems	1.440 (0.979 to 2.118)	0.064	1.480 (0.980 to 2.236)	0.062
Oppositional defiant problems	1.493 (0.952 to 2.343)	0.081	1.699 (1.065 to 2.709)	0.026
Attention deficit/hyperactivity problems	1.642 (1.107 to 2.434)	0.014	1.566 (1.029 to 2.384)	0.036

Abbreviations: CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, OR odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI 95% confidence interval
^aORs and aORs were calculated using logistic regression using a generalized estimating equation model, with the non-HD group as the reference
^bAdjusted for the following confounding factors: sex, birth weight, BMI z-score each year, maternal and paternal ages, household income, maternal and paternal education levels, parental allergic history, mother's depression during delivery, and child’s baseline neurodevelopmental properties prior to HD exposure (K-ASQ)
P values less than 0.05 are in bold

ISSN: 1471-2431