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Table 2 Number of children reporting behavioral/neuropsychiatric problems at each three test periods

From: Association between humidifier disinfectant exposure during infancy and subsequent neuropsychiatric outcomes during childhood: a nation-wide cross-sectional study

   1st test (n = 1147) 2nd test (n = 1160) 3rd test (n = 1164)
   Non-HD (n = 741) HD (n = 406) P value Non-HD (n = 749) HD (n = 411) P value Non-HD (n = 750) HD (n = 414) P value
Total problems Normal 635 (85.7) 332 (81.8)   683 (91.2) 342 (83.2)   689 (91.9) 369 (89.1)  
Over borderline 106 (14.3) 74 (18.2) 0.081 66 (8.8) 69 (16.8) <0.001 61 (8.1) 45 (10.9) 0.120
Internalizing problems Normal 623 (84.1) 330 (81.3)   659 (88.0) 339 (82.5)   668 (89.1) 353 (85.3)  
Over borderline 118 (15.3) 76 (18.7) 0.227 90 (12.0) 72 (17.5) 0.010 82 (10.9) 61 (14.7) 0.059
Emotionally reactive Normal 698 (94.2) 382 (94.1)   725 (96.8) 385 (93.7)   733 (97.7) 393 (94.9)  
Over borderline 43 (5.8) 24 (5.9) 0.940 24 (3.2) 26 (6.3) 0.012 17 (2.3) 21 (5.1) 0.010
Withdrawal Normal 687 (92.7) 370 (91.1)   710 (94.8) 376 (91.5)   713 (95.1) 386 (93.2)  
Over borderline 54 (7.3) 36 (8.9) 0.341 39 (5.2) 35 (8.5) 0.027 37 (4.9) 28 (6.8) 0.193
Somatic complaints Normal 691 (93.3) 374 (92.1)   710 (94.8) 383 (93.2)   718 (95.7) 390 (94.2)  
Over borderline 50 (6.7) 32 (7.9) 0.476 39 (5.2) 28 (6.8) 0.262 32 (4.3) 24 (5.8) 0.243
Anxious/Depressed Normal 702 (94.7) 382 (94.1)   718 (95.9) 386 (93.9)   722 (96.3) 387 (93.5)  
Over borderline 39 (5.3) 24 (5.9) 0.645 31 (4.1) 25 (6.1) 0.140 28 (3.7) 27 (6.5) 0.032
Externalizing problems Normal 629 (84.9) 331 (81.5)   685 (91.5) 362 (88.1)   697 (92.9) 368 (88.9)  
Over borderline 112 (15.1) 75 (18.5) 0.141 64 (8.5) 49 (11.9) 0.064 53 (7.1) 46 (11.1) 0.018
Attention problems Normal 730 (98.5) 392 (96.6)   732 (97.7) 398 (96.8)   744 (99.2) 402 (97.1)  
Over borderline 11 (1.5) 14 (3.4) 0.029 17 (2.3) 13 (3.2) 0.359 6 (0.8) 12 (2.9) 0.005
Aggressive behavior Normal 702 (94.7) 378 (93.1)   726 (96.9) 396 (96.4)   733 (97.7) 395 (95.4)  
Over borderline 39 (5.3) 28 (6.9) 0.259 23 (3.1) 15 (3.6) 0.596 17 (2.3) 19 (4.6) 0.028
Sleep problems Normal 685 (92.4) 380 (93.6)   727 (97.1) 386 (93.9)   732 (97.6) 388 (93.7)  
Over borderline 56 (7.6) 26 (6.4) 0.468 22 (2.9) 25 (6.1) 0.009 18 (2.4) 26 (6.3) 0.001
Other problems Normal 697 (94.1) 378 (93.1)   719 (96.0) 385 (93)   730 (97.3) 390 (94.2)  
Over borderline 44 (5.9) 28 (6.9) 0.522 30 (4.0) 26 (6.3) 0.078 20 (2.7) 24 (5.8) 0.007
DSM-oriented scales           
Affective problems Normal 691 (93.3) 381 (93.8)   722 (96.4) 385 (93.7)   729 (97.2) 388 (93.7)  
Over borderline 50 (6.7) 25 (6.2) 0.699 27 (3.6) 26 (6.3) 0.034 21 (2.8) 26 (6.3) 0.004
Anxiety problems Normal 712 (96.1) 393 (96.9)   727 (97.1) 390 (94.9)   731 (97.5) 397 (95.9)  
Over borderline 29 (3.9) 13 (3.2) 0.539 22 (2.9) 21 (5.1) 0.061 19 (2.5) 17 (4.1) 0.138
Pervasive developmental problems Normal 689 (93.0) 374 (92.1)   714 (95.3) 376 (91.5)   722 (96.3) 392 (94.7)  
Over borderline 52 (7.0) 32 (7.9) 0.591 35 (4.7) 35 (8.5) 0.009 28 (3.7) 22 (5.3) 0.203
Oppositional defiant problems Normal 712 (96.1) 385 (94.8)   730 (97.5) 398 (96.8)   740 (98.7) 401 (96.9)  
Over borderline 29 (3.9) 21 (5.2) 0.318 19 (2.5) 13 (3.2) 0.533 10 (0.9) 13 (3.1) 0.034
Attention deficit/hyperactivity problems Normal 708 (95.5) 382 (94.1)   724 (96.7) 384 (93.4)   724 (96.5) 391 (94.4)  
Over borderline 33 (4.5) 24 (5.9) 0.277 25 (3.3) 27 (6.6) 0.011 26 (3.5) 23 (5.6) 0.089
  1. P values less than 0.05 are in bold
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BMC Pediatrics

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