Table 4 Results of multilevel logistic regression analysis assessing the odds of vitamin D deficiency among children and adolescents of India, CNNS 2016–18

 Male

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Female

1.06 ns

0.94–1.20

1.54***

1.39–1.71

3.80***

3.42–4.22

 Rural

 Urban

2.1***

1.70–2.56

1.96***

1.63–2.35

1.81***

1.53–2.14

 Poorest

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Poor

0.91 ns

0.67–1.26

1.10 ns

0.82–1.48

1.06 ns

0.81–1.39

 Middle

0.74*

0.54–1.04

1.34**

1.002–1.79

1.16 ns

0.89–1.51

 Rich

0.89 ns

0.63–1.24

1.43**

1.06–1.92

1.60***

1.23–2.08

 Richest

0.98 ns

0.69–1.40

1.56***

1.14–2.14

1.65***

1.25–2.18

 Hindu

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Muslim

1.04 ns

0.81–1.32

0.94 ns

0.76–1.16

1.59***

1.31–1.91

 Christian

0.90 ns

0.64–1.27

1.44**

1.10–1.90

0.87 ns

0.66–1.15

 Sikh

1.72**

1.11–2.68

2.04***

1.34–3.12

2.10***

1.39–3.19

 Other

0.98 ns

0.68–1.41

1.04 ns

0.73–1.48

0.80 ns

0.56–1.31

 Others

1

1

1

1

1

1

 SC

0.97 ns

0.79–1.18

0.91 ns

0.76–1.08

1.05 ns

0.88–1.24

 ST

0.70**

0.52–0.93

0.65***

0.51–0.82

0.67***

0.53–0.84

 OBC

1.10 ns

0.91–1.32

1.01 ns

0.86–1.17

1.02 ns

0.87–1.19

  < 18 years

1

1

1

1

1

1

 18–25 years

1.44 ns

0.89–0.34

1.20 ns

0.89–1.60

0.98 ns

0.81–1.18

 26–34 years

1.41 ns

0.87–2.30

1.36*

1.01–1.83

0.98 ns

0.81–1.20

 35+

1.63*

0.94–2.81

1.52*

1.06–2.19

1.08 ns

0.82–1.42

Mother died

1.50 ns

0.43–0.51

1.73 ns

0.82–3.67

0.94 ns

0.60–1.47

 No education

1

1

1

1

1

1

  < 5 years completed

0.87 ns

0.62–1.23

1.09 ns

0.86–1.37

1.08 ns

0.88–1.34

 5–8 years completed

1.05 ns

0.85–1.29

1.06 ns

0.90–1.25

1.18**

1.02–1.37

 9–11 years completed

1.06 ns

0.84–1.34

1.18*

0.98–1.42

1.29**

1.10–1.52

  ≥ 12 years completed

1.07 ns

0.85–1.36

1.36**

1.16–1.66

1.65***

1.36–2.01

 South

1

1

1

1

1

1

 North

9.85***

6.99–13.89

10.44***

7.76–14.05

8.14***

6.18–10.71

 Central

2.14***

1.44–3.17

2.73***

1.90–3.91

2.79***

2.01–3.88

 East

3.29***

2.33–4.65

3.58***

2.61–4.91

3.80***

2.85–5.07

 West

4.32***

3.00–6.20

3.31***

2.34–4.69

2.71***

1.96–3.74

 North-East

3.32***

2.30–4.80

2.34***

1.69–3.24

3.31***

2.45–4.47

Age in months

1.01***

1.005–1.015

1.01***

1.007–1.014

0.997***

0.9954–0.9983

Random effect (standard error)

ICC (standard error)