Table 1 Characteristics of children younger than 5 years of age living with HIV in rural Zambia
All ages | Age at ART initiation | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 1 year | 1 to < 2 years | 2 to < 5 years | |||||||
N | Median (IQR)b | N | Median (IQR)b | N | Median (IQR)b | N | Median (IQR)b | p-valuea | |
AT STUDY ENROLMENT | |||||||||
Age in years | 381 | 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) | 86 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 144 | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 151 | 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) | < 0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 381 | 194 (50.9) | 86 | 53 (61.6) | 144 | 75 (52.1) | 151 | 66 (43.7) | 0.03 |
CD4+ T-cell % | 314 | 19.6 (14.6, 26.2) | 75 | 23.9 (14.6, 31.0) | 116 | 19.1 (15.1, 24.6) | 123 | 19.5 (13.2, 24.6) | 0.23 |
Hemoglobin | 329 | 9.3 (8.4, 10.1) | 74 | 9.1 (8.2, 10.0) | 118 | 9.3 (8.4, 10.0) | 137 | 9.5 (8.8, 10.4) | 0.33 |
Receiving ARTc n (%) | 381 | 48 (12.6) | 86 | 18 (20.9) | 144 | 14 (9.7) | 151 | 16 (10.6) | 0.03 |
Mother received ART for PMTCT, n (%) | 380 | 69 (18.2) | 85 | 26 (30.6) | 144 | 27 (18.8) | 151 | 16 (10.6) | < 0.001 |
Parent’s vital, n (%) status | 380 | 85 | 144 | 151 | 0.31 | ||||
Both alive | 348 (91.6) | 82 (96.5) | 131 (91.0) | 135 (89.4) | |||||
One died | 31 (8.2) | 3 (3.5) | 13 (9.0) | 15 (9.9) | |||||
Both died | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | |||||
Primary caregiver, n (%) | 380 | 85 | 144 | 151 | 0.006 | ||||
Parent | 345 (90.8) | 85 (100.0) | 133 (92.4) | 127 (84.1) | |||||
Grandparent | 22 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.9) | 15 (9.9) | |||||
Aunt/Uncle | 11 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.8) | 7 (4.6) | |||||
Other | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.3) | |||||
Primary caregiver education, n (%) | 372 | 85 | 141 | 146 | 0.43 | ||||
None | 19 (5.1) | 3 (3.5) | 10 (7.1) | 6 (4.1) | |||||
Primary | 234 (62.9) | 52 (61.2) | 93 (66.0) | 89 (61.0) | |||||
Secondary | 118 (31.7) | 30 (35.3) | 37 (26.2) | 51 (34.9) | |||||
Higher | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
AT ART INITIATION | |||||||||
Age in years | 381 | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) | 86 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 144 | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 151 | 3.0 (2.5, 4.1) | < 0.001 |
Year of ART initiation | 381 | 86 | 144 | 151 | 0.55 | ||||
2008–2010 | 189 (49.6) | 40 (46.5) | 69 (47.9) | 80 (53.0) | |||||
2011–2015 | 192 (50.4) | 46 (53.5) | 75 (52.1) | 71 (47.0) | |||||
WAZd | 362 | −2.0 (−3.0, −0.9) | 80 | − 1.5 (− 2.6, − 0.1) | 140 | −2.2 (− 3.4, − 1.1) | 142 | −2.1 (− 2.8, − 1.1) | 0.03 |
Underweighte, n (%) | 178 (49.2) | 30 (37.5) | 76 (54.3) | 72 (50.7) | 0.05 | ||||
HAZd | 334 | −3.1 (−4.2, − 2.0) | 76 | − 2.5 (− 4.4, − 1.6) | 129 | −3.3 (− 4.4, − 2.3) | 129 | −3.1 (− 4.0, − 2.2) | 0.38 |
Stunted f, n (%) | 252 (75.4) | 49 (64.5) | 101 (78.3) | 102 (79.1) | 0.04 | ||||
CD4%d | 329 | 18.3 (13.0, 24.2) | 67 | 19.1 (14.8, 28.1) | 128 | 18.6 (13.4, 24.2) | 134 | 17.2 (12.1, 22.2) | 0.29 |
Severe immune deficiencyg, n (%) | 175 (53.2) | 36 (53.7) | 73 (57.0) | 66 (49.3) | 0.45 | ||||
Hemoglobind | 337 | 9.4 (8.4, 10.4) | 70 | 9.1 (8.2, 9.9) | 129 | 9.5 (8.5, 10.3) | 138 | 9.7 (8.8, 10.5) | 0.03 |
Viral loadd,h | 168 | 5.8 (5.2, 5.9) | 53 | 5.9 (5.2, 6.1) | 54 | 5.9 (5.4, 5.9) | 61 | 5.5 (5.1, 5.9) | 0.01 |
ART regimen, n (%) | 372 | 84 | 142 | 146 | < 0.001 | ||||
AZT/3TC/EFV | 56 (15.1) | 5 (6.0) | 18 (12.7) | 33 (22.6) | |||||
AZT/3TC/NVP | 82 (22.0) | 24 (28.6) | 31 (21.8) | 27 (18.5) | |||||
D4T/3TC/EFV | 50 (13.4) | 6 (7.1) | 27 (19.0) | 17 (11.6) | |||||
D4T/3TC/NVP | 104 (28.0) | 29 (34.5) | 30 (21.1) | 45 (30.8) | |||||
Other | 80 (21.5) | 20 (23.8) | 36 (25.4) | 24 (16.4) | |||||