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Table 3 Comparison of the CSHQ, CARS, ABC, and SRS scores in ASD children with sleep disturbances stratified by different VA levels

From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Vitamin A deficiency and sleep disturbances related to autism symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Sleep disturbances

+ VAN (n = 115)

Sleep disturbances

+ MVAD (n = 152)

Sleep disturbances

+ VAD (n = 415)

P value a

CSHQ total score, mean (SD)

40.63 (2.58)

47.72 (2.99)

47.99 (3.47)

< 0.001***

CARS score, % (n)

 Mild to moderate degree (30–36)

32.17 (37/115)

0 (0/149)

0 (0/418)

0.001***

 Severe degree (37–60)

67.83 (78/115)

100 (149/149)

100 (418/418)

ABC total score, mean (SD)

67.87 (5.78)

106.92 (23.30)

105.66 (22.10)

< 0.001***

SRS total score, mean (SD)

99.64 (11.80)

152.53 (25.77)

148.63 (24.98)

< 0.001***

  1. Abbreviations: ASD Autism spectrum disorder, CSHQ Childhood Sleep Habit Questionnaire, CARS Childhood Autism Rating Scale, ABC Autism Behavior Checklist, SRS Social Responsiveness Scale, VAN Vitamin A normal, MVAD Marginal vitamin A deficiency, VAD Vitamin A deficiency, SD Standard deviation
  2. ***P < 0.001
  3. aVAD with MVAD and VAN was recognized as significant by Least Significant Difference (LSD)(P < 0.001)