Table 1 Maternal socio-demographic, perinatal care and children’s characteristics in Taiwan
Non-DM1 | HODM2 | AODM3 | LODM4 | p-valuea | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 20,199) | (n = 39) | (n = 382) | (n = 25) | |||
Perinatal conditions | ||||||
Sex | NS | NS | ||||
Male | 10,566 (52.3%) | 19 (48.7%) | 223 (58.4%) | 11 (44.0%) | ||
Female | 9633 (47.7%) | 20 (51.3%) | 159 (41.6%) | 14 (56.0%) | ||
Prematurity (<37 weeks) | <0.001* | NS | ||||
Yes | 1387 (6.9%) | 5 (12.8%) | 39 (10.2%) | 19 (76.0%) | ||
No | 18,812 (93.1%) | 34 (87.2%) | 343 (89.8%) | 6 (24.0%) | ||
Apgar score(1 min) | <0.001* | NS | ||||
≥7 | 19,818 (98.1%) | 37 (94.9%) | 375 (98.2%) | 16 (64.0%) | ||
<7 | 381 (1.9%) | 2 (5.1%) | 7 (1.8%) | 9 (36.0%) | ||
Apgar score(5 min) | 0.0032 | NS | ||||
≥7 | 20,148 (99.7%) | 39 (100.0%) | 381 (99.7%) | 24 (96.0%) | ||
<7 | 51 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (0.3%) | 1 (4.0%) | ||
Birth defect | <0.001* | NS | ||||
Yes | 960 (4.8%) | 2 (5.1%) | 32 (8.4%) | 4 (16.0%) | ||
No | 19,239 (95.2%) | 37 (94.9%) | 350 (91.6%) | 21 (84.0%) | ||
Maternal socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
Maternal age | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||
≤35 y/o | 18,448 (91.3%) | 28 (71.8%) | 304 (79.6%) | 22 (88.0%) | ||
>35 y/o | 1751 (8.7%) | 11 (28.2%) | 78 (20.4%) | 3 (12.0%) | ||
Maternal nationality | <0.001* | NS | ||||
Taiwanese | 17,446 (86.4%) | 35 (89.7%) | 365 (95.5%) | 24 (96.0%) | ||
Non-Taiwanese | 2753 (13.6%) | 4 (10.3%) | 17 (4.5%) | 1 (4.0%) | ||
Maternal education | 0.0049 | NS | ||||
Less than high school | 3021 (15.0%) | 3 (7.7%) | 36 (9.4%) | 2 (8.0%) | ||
High school | 8085 (40.1%) | 16 (41.0%) | 139 (36.5%) | 10 (40.0%) | ||
College and above | 9061 (44.9%) | 20 (51.3%) | 206 (54.1%) | 13 (52.0%) | ||
Family income (NTD) | 0.0065 | NS | ||||
<50,000 | 8499 (42.2%) | 14 (37.8%) | 121 (31.8%) | 11 (44.0%) | ||
50,000–150,000 | 11,020 (54.7%) | 22 (59.5%) | 246 (64.6%) | 14 (56.0%) | ||
≥150,000 | 614 (3.0%) | 1 (2.7%) | 14 (3.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
Living area | <0.001* | NS | ||||
Urban | 9529 (47.2%) | 23 (59.0%) | 222 (58.1%) | 14 (56.0%) | ||
Rural | 10,670 (52.8%) | 16 (41.0%) | 160 (41.9%) | 11 (44.0%) | ||
Perinatal care | ||||||
Breastfeeding at 6 m/o | 0.0912 | NS | ||||
Yes | 16,611 (82.2%) | 33 (84.6%) | 307 (80.4%) | 25 (100.0%) | ||
No | 3588 (17.8%) | 6 (15.4%) | 75 (19.6%) | (0.0%) | ||
Non-staple foods feeding before 6 m/o | NS | NS | ||||
Yes | 18,148 (89.9%) | 37 (94.9%) | 347 (90.8%) | 22 (88.0%) | ||
No | 2043 (10.1%) | 2 (5.1%) | 35 (9.2%) | 3 (12.0%) | ||
Main caregiver at daytime (at 1–6 m/o) | NS | NS | ||||
Mother | 9961 (49.3%) | 20 (51.3%) | 193 (50.5%) | 11 (44.0%) | ||
Others | 10,238 (50.7%) | 19 (48.7%) | 189 (49.5%) | 14 (56.0%) | ||
Maternal body weight | ||||||
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||
<18.5 | 4236 (21.0%) | 1 (2.6%) | 41 (10.7%) | 3 (12.0%) | ||
18.5–25 | 14,040 (69.5%) | 20 (51.3%) | 249 (65.2%) | 15 (60.0%) | ||
>25 | 1923 (9.5%) | 18 (46.2%) | 92 (24.1%) | 7 (28.0%) | ||
Postpartum BMI (at 6 m/o) | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||
<18.5 | 158 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
18.5–25 | 7330 (36.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 83 (21.7%) | 7 (28.0%) | ||
>25 | 12,711 (62.9%) | 39 (100.0%) | 294 (77.0%) | 18 (72.0%) | ||
Gestational weight gain (kg) | NS | NS | ||||
<10 kg | 3401 (16.8%) | 6 (15.4%) | 85 (22.3%) | 6 (4.0%) | ||
10–14 kg | 7919 (39.2%) | 13 (33.3%) | 146 (38.2%) | 8 (32.0%) | ||
>14 kg | 8879 (44.0%) | 20 (51.3%) | 151 (39.5%) | 11 (44.0%) | ||