Table 4 Univariate Associations between Maternal or Paternal Factors and CDH
From: Parental risk factors for congenital diaphragmatic hernia – a large German case-control study
Control group (n = 597) | CDH patients (n = 199) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal periconceptional smokingb | |||
No smoking | 456 (76%) | 161 (81%) | |
Any smoking | 133 (22%) | 37 (19%) | 0.265 |
1–5 cigarettes/day | 38 (6.5%) | 14 (7%) | 0.896 |
6–10 cigarettes/day | 36 (5.9%) | 10 (5%) | 0.515 |
> 10 cigarettes/day | 59 (9.9%) | 13 (6.5%) | 0.153 |
Paternal periconceptional smokingc | |||
No smoking | 385 (64%) | 138 (69%) | |
Any smoking | 181 (31%) | 54 (29%) | 0.211 |
1–5 cigarettes/day | 5 (0.8%) | 9 (4.5%) | 0.318 |
6–10 cigarettes/day | 30 (5%) | 14 (7%) | 0.435 |
> 10 cigarettes/day | 146 (24.5%) | 31 (15.5%) | 0.017 |
Maternal periconceptional alcohol intaked | |||
No | 165 (28%) | 55 (28%) | |
Yes | 266 (45%) | 135 (68%) | 0.025 |
Paternal periconceptional alcohol intakee | |||
No | 81 (14%) | 30 (15%) | |
Yes | 340 (57%) | 156 (78%) | 0.361 |
Maternal periconceptional coffee intakef | |||
No | 99 (17%) | 40 (20%) | |
Yes | 443 (74%) | 155 (78%) | 0.492 |
≥ 30 units/month | 309 (52%) | 128 (64%) | 0.908 |
Maternal periconceptional sweetener intakeg | |||
No | 202 (34%) | 101 (51%) | |
Yes | 163 (27%) | 89 (45%) | 0.624 |
≥ 30 units/month | 50 (8%) | 22 (11%) | 0.481 |
Maternal periconceptional use of hairsprayh | |||
No | 470 (79%) | 146 (73%) | |
Yes | 95 (16%) | 49 (25%) | 0.011 |
Maternal periconceptional BMIj | |||
< 18.5 kg/m2 | 23 (4%) | 5 (2.5%) | 0.376 |
18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 390 (65%) | 132 (66%) | 0.764 |
25–29.9 kg/m2 | 87 (15%) | 36 (18%) | 0.229 |
≥ 30 kg/m2 | 74 (12%) | 18 (9%) | 0.202 |
Maternal hypothyreosis | |||
Yes | 20 (3.3%) | 13 (6.5%) | 0.051 |
Maternal periconceptional folic acid intake | |||
No | 385 (64%) | 115 (58%) | |
Yes | 212 (36%) | 84 (42%) | 0.165 |
Previous miscarriagesk | |||
No | 438 (73%) | 141 (71%) | |
Yes | 111 (19%) | 53 (27%) | 0.04 |
Pregnancy after infertility treatmentl | |||
No | 544 (91%) | 177 (89%) | |
Yes | 35 (6%) | 20 (10%) | 0.052 |
Hormone treatment | 11 (2%) | 10 (5%) | 0.016 |
Maternal periconceptional contact to animalsm | |||
No | 494 (83%) | 160 (80%) | |
Yes | 73 (12%) | 38 (19%) | 0.03 |
Especially cats | 40 (7%) | 25 (13%) | 0.014 |