Table 3 Practical significant PMP differences (Cohen’s d-values) between BMI groups at each time point

Never overweight

R and A (sc)

0.06

0.36*

0.18

0.39*

0.72**

0.51**

0.02

0.29*

0.05

Strength (sc)

0.13

0.28*

0.25*

0.37*

0.44*

0.58**

0.25*

0.54**

0.19

Balance (sc)

0.09

0.37*

0.60**

0.28*

0.48*

0.74**

0.21*

0.19

0.17

S and A (ss)

0.03

0.32*

0.42*

0.45*

0.66**

0.99***

0.15

0.42*

0.16

S and A (%)

0.07

0.33*

0.53**

0.52**

0.82***

0.93***

0.23*

0.48*

0.14

BOT-2 total (ss)

0.05

0.12

0.25*

0.07

0.16

0.36*

0.03

0.05

0.12

BOT-2 total (%)

0.01

0.16

0.25*

0.04

0.05

0.33*

0.03

0.04

0.10

Normal-to-overweight

R and A (sc)

–

–

–

0.45*

0.36*

0.69**

0.08

0.07

0.23*

Strength (sc)

–

–

–

0.24*

0.16

0.33*

0.12

0.26*

0.06

Balance (sc)

–

–

–

0.19

0.11

0.13

0.12

0.18

0.78**

S and A (ss)

–

–

–

0.42*

0.34*

0.57**

0.13

0.10

0.26*

S and A (%)

–

–

–

0.59**

0.49*

0.40*

0.30*

0.15

0.40*

BOT-2 total (ss)

–

–

–

0.03

0.28*

0.12

0.02

0.07

0.37*

BOT-2 total (%)

–

–

–

0.03

0.22*

0.08

0.02

0.12

0.34*

Persistent Overweight

R and A (sc)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.37*

0.43*

0.46*

Strength (sc)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.12

0.10

0.39*

Balance (sc)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.07

0.29*

0.91***

S and A (ss)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.30*

0.24*

0.83***

S and A (%)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.29*

0.35*

0.80***

BOT-2 total (ss)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.05

0.21*

0.48*

BOT-2 total (%)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.01

0.10

0.42*