Table 2 Unadjusted OR and aOR for putative risk factors for development of MBD in BPD infants from univariate and multiple logistic regression

Putative risk factors

95%

95%

95%

95%

OR

LCL

UCL

P

OR

LCL

UCL

P

 Steroids

0.78

0.37

1.65

0.517

 HCA

1.36

0.70

2.66

0.366

 FGR

6.16

2.34

16.20

<0.001

6.00

1.81

19.84

0.003

Maternal hypertensive disorders without FGR

0.90

0.30

2.74

0.852

 PROM

0.77

0.35

1.70

0.765

 ELBW

2.49

1.14

5.41

0.022

3.10

1.07

8.94

0.037

 Exclusive breast milk fed

0.72

0.34

1.52

0.386

Initiation of oral vitamin D supplementation ≥2 weeks after birth

1.98

0.96

4.05

0.063

1.24

0.43

3.53

0.691

Feeding volume <80 mL/kg/day at the end of the 4th week after birth

12.95

4.82

34.84

<0.001

14.98

4.04

55.58

<0.001

 NEC

2.66

0.68

10.36

0.159

0.45

0.06

3.61

0.449

 PDA

1.12

0.58

2.19

0.733

 hsPDA

1.34

0.67

2.66

0.409

 Cholestasis

3.50

1.66

7.41

0.001

4.44

1.59

12.40

0.004

 LOS

3.60

1.37

9.47

0.009

3.95

1.12

13.98

0.033

 Dexamethasone

1.73

0.72

4.12

0.220

 Diuretics

1.15

0.56

2.38

0.708

 Prolonged diuretics (>2 weeks)

5.95

1.77

20.05

0.004

5.45

1.25

23.84

0.024

Fluid restriction (<140 mL/kg beyond 2 weeks after birth)

1.49

0.67

3.32

0.328

 Mechanical ventilation

0.96

0.49

1.88

0.909

 Hypothyroidism

1.35

0.64

2.87

0.434

 Thrombocytopenia

1.97

0.75

5.20

0.172

0.75

0.15

3.84

0.729