Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics among cases with MBD and controls

Antenatal factors

n

%

n

%

52

104

Male

28

53.8

52

50.0

Steroids

37

71.2

79

76.0

HCA

29

55.8

50

48.1

FGR

16

30.8

7

6.7

Maternal hypertensive disorders without FGR

5

9.6

11

10.6

PROM

11

21.2

27

26.0

Postnatal factors

ELBW

16

30.8

17

16.3

Exclusive breast milk fed

39

75.0

71

68.3

Initiation of oral vitamin D supplementation ≥2 weeks after birth

20

38.5

26

25.0

Feeding volume<80 mL/kg/day at the end of the 4th week after birth

23

44.2

6

5.8

NEC

5

9.6

4

3.8

PDA

25

48.1

47

45.2

hsPDA

21

40.4

35

33.7

Cholestasis

22

42.3

18

17.3

LOS

12

23.1

8

7.7

Moderate-severe BPD

31

40.4

21

29.8

Mechanical ventilation

28

53.8

57

54.8

Mechanical ventilation at 36 PMA

4

7.7

2

1.9

Dexamethasone

11

21.2

14

13.5

Diuretics

16

30.8

29

27.9

Prolonged diuretics (>2 weeks)

10

19.2

4

3.8

Fluid restriction (<140 mL/kg beyond 2 weeks after birth)

13

25.0

19

18.3

Hypothyroidism

15

28.8

24

23.1

Thrombocytopenia

9

17.3

10

9.6