The association of dietary choline and betaine and anthropometric measurements among Iranian children: a cross-sectional study

Table 5 Association between height-for-age and mid-arm circumference and dietary free choline, glycero-phospho-choline, phospho-choline, phosphatidyl choline, total choline, betaine, and total choline and betaine intake among six-year-old Iranian girls (n = 788)

Variable	Free choline			Glycero-phospho-choline			Phospho-choline			Phosphatidyl-choline			Total choline			Betaine			Total choline and betaine
Variable	β	SE	P	β	SE	P	β	SE	P	β	SE	P	β	SE	P	β	SE	P	β	SE	P
Height-for-age (HAZ)
Crude	−0.028	0.019	0.429	− 0.005	0.019	0.885	0.008	0.019	0.817	0.004	0.019	0.921	0.002	0.019	0.963	−0.06	0.019	0.092	−0.024	0.019	0.493
Model 1	−0.029	0.019	0.415	− 0.007	0.019	0.850	0.007	0.019	0.837	0.003	0.019	0.931	0	0.019	0.997	−0.067	0.019	0.064	−0.026	0.019	0.468
Model 2	−0.027	0.019	0.447	−0.005	0.019	0.885	0.010	0.019	0.780	0.007	0.019	0.846	0.004	0.019	0.922	−0.062	0.019	0.084	−0.021	0.019	0.553
Model 3	−0.029	0.019	0.427	−0.006	0.019	0.875	0.010	0.019	0.792	0.006	0.019	0.861	0.003	0.019	0.935	−0.066	0.019	0.074	−0.023	0.019	0.532
Mid-arm circumference (cm)
Crude	0.059	0.023	0.098	0.034	0.024	0.346	0.026	0.024	0.470	0.044	0.023	0.222	0.054	0.023	0.127	0.083	0.023	0.020	0.043	0.023	0.225
Model 1	0.058	0.023	0.105	0.032	0.024	0.374	0.024	0.023	0.494	0.043	0.023	0.232	0.051	0.023	0.149	0.076	0.024	0.035	0.041	0.024	0.248
Model 2	0.058	0.023	0.105	0.030	0.024	0.398	0.023	0.023	0.524	0.047	0.024	0.184	0.054	0.023	0.127	0.077	0.024	0.033	0.045	0.024	0.207
Model 3	0.066	0.024	0.068	0.034	0.024	0.344	0.029	0.024	0.425	0.056	0.024	0.125	0.061	0.024	0.091	0.087	0.024	0.018	0.024	0.024	0.144

β denotes standardized coefficients obtained from Linear regression; SE denotes standard error
Crude: Not adjusted for any variables
Model 1: The model was adjusted for energy, physical activity, and SES
Model 2: The model was adjusted for energy, physical activity, SES, age, BMI, and physical activity
Model 3: The model was adjusted for energy, physical activity, SES, age, BMI, physical activity, and HEI2015
P value < 0.05 was considered significant

ISSN: 1471-2431