Table 2 Participants characteristics across total choline, betaine, and total choline and betaine intake tertiles (n = 788)
Variables | Total choline | Total betaine | Total choline and betaine | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1(n = 262) | T2(n = 263) | T3(n = 263) | *P | T1(n = 263) | T2(n = 263) | T3(n = 262) | *P | T1(n = 262) | T2(n = 263) | T3(n = 263) | *P | |
Maternal age (Year) | 32.13 (9.04) | 31.76 (8.21) | 31.77 (8.52) | 0.684 | 32 (8.59) | 32.15 (8.88) | 31.51 (8.3) | 0.555 | 32 (8.93) | 31.91 (8.36) | 31.74 (8.49) | 0.819 |
Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (4.61) | 24.85 (4.53) | 24.54 (4.14) | 0.628 | 24.75 (4.85) | 25.17 (4.48) | 24.38 (4.17) | 0.388 | 24.82 (4.69) | 24.94 (4.51) | 24.54 (4.34) | 0.414 |
Maternal physical activity (MET/h) | 29.83 (3.62) | 30.14 (4.21) | 30.13 (3.87) | 0.116 | 30.14 (3.8) | 30.13 (3.96) | 29.82 (3.96) | 0.386 | 29.99 (3.73) | 30.02 (4.09) | 30.08 (3.91) | 0.194 |
Participants physical activity (MET/h) | 9.52 (0.37) | 9.49 (0.35) | 9.48 (0.35) | 0.308 | 9.50 (0.37) | 9.50 (0.34) | 9.49 (0.36) | 0.925 | 9.50 (0.37) | 9.49 (0.35) | 9.50 (0.35) | 0.876 |
Participants total energy intake (Kcal/day) | 987.94 (240.45) | 1062.40 (266.31) | 993.55 (264.16) | 0.803 | 1084.19 (235.42) | 975.46 (265.77) | 984.86 (262.00) | 0.013 | 1003.46 (254.92) | 1051.21 (257.58) | 989.53 (261.86) | 0.537 |
BMI-for-age (BAZ) | 0.31 (1.13) | 0.38 (1.06) | 0.41 (1.09) | 0.334 | 0.23 (1.15) | 0.48 (1.01) | 0.38 (1.11) | 0.129 | 0.34 (1.15) | 0.34 (1.04) | 0.41 (1.09) | 0.452 |
Height-for-age HAZ) | −0.58 (0.42) | −0.52 (0.42) | −0.56 (0.44) | 0.673 | −0.54 (0.40) | −0.54 (0.44) | −0.58 (0.43) | 0.297 | −0.57 (0.41) | −0.54 (0.43) | − 0.56 (0.43) | 0.777 |
Mid-arm circumference(cm) | 15.44 (0.53) | 15.47 (0.59) | 15.46 (0.49) | 0.679 | 15.41 (0.54) | 15.46 (0.54) | 15.49 (0.53) | 0.059 | 15.42 (0.55) | 15.46 (0.56) | 15.49 (0.49) | 0.152 |
Socioeconomic status (SES) | 32.28 (6.88) | 32.07 (6.93) | 32.25 (6.60) | 0.085 | 32.16 (7.07) | 32.28 (6.75) | 31.87 (6.81) | 0.035 | 32.25(6.88) | 32.19(7.16) | 31.16(6.34) | 0.066 |