Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participantsa
Variables | Total (n = 241) | Menarche (n = 147) | No menarche (n = 94) | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 9.64 ± 1.91 | 10.63 ± 1.49 | 8.08 ± 1.40 | < 0.001 |
BMI z-score | 0.40 ± 1.71 | 0.70 ± 1.69 | −0.07 ± 1.63 | 0.001 |
Height z-score | 0.51 ± 0.99 | 0.20 ± 0.99 | −0.18 ± 0.94 | 0.004 |
Maternal age at menarche | 13.6 ± 1.4 | 13.5 ± 1.5 | 13.7 ± 1.3 | 0.312 |
Maternal early menarche | 46 (19.4) | 30 (20.7) | 16 (17.4) | 0.532 |
Maternal education | ||||
< 12 years | 47 (19.7) | 32 (21.9) | 15 (16.3) | 0.215 |
12 years | 137 (57.6) | 86 (58.9) | 51 (37.2) | |
Academic education | 54 (22.7) | 28 (19.2) | 26 (28.3) | |
Daily dietary intake | ||||
Energy (kcal) | 2328 (1829–3135) | 2382 (1900–3269) | 2193 (1768–2908) | 0.069 |
Plant protein (% of energy) | 5.57 (4.80–6.84) | 5.84 (4.92–6.99) | 5.35 (4.49–6.42) | 0.031 |
Animal protein (% of energy) | 6.95 (5.56–8.98) | 6.89 (5.31–8.91) | 6.99 (5.76–9.01) | 0.459 |
Total protein (% of energy) | 13.10 (11.81–14.28) | 13.19 (11.85–14.40) | 12.85 (11.74–14.22) | 0.469 |
Fat food (g/1000 kcal) | 5.55 (2.68–10.05) | 6.29 (2.94–10.32) | 5.07 (2.50–9.37) | 0.281 |
Red meat (g/1000 kcal) | 4.52 (2.27–8.90) | 4.22 (2.31–8.67) | 4.96 (2.23–10.23) | 0.444 |
Poultry (g/1000 kcal) | 6.58 (3.67–12.18) | 6.83 (3.47–12.11) | 6.31 (3.82–12.42) | 0.797 |
Fish (g/1000 kcal) | 3.06 (1.53–5.65) | 3.08 (1.50–5.57) | 2.94 (1.66–6.02) | 0.928 |
Organ meat (g/1000 kcal) | 0.28 (0.04–0.69) | 0.27 (0.05–0.69) | 0.29 (0.03–0.69) | 0.629 |
Egg (g/1000 kcal) | 5.12 (2.73–8.85) | 5.91 (3.03–9.33) | 4.81 (2.47–8.33) | 0.294 |
Legumes (g/1000 kcal) | 9.65 (4.38–17.25) | 9.99 (4.29–17.38) | 9.13 (4.56–17.23) | 0.829 |
Low-fat dairy (g/1000 kcal) | 94.2 (51.8–149.4) | 91.1 (46.1–175.9) | 103.5 (56.4–147.0) | 0.829 |
High-fat dairy (g/1000 kcal) | 92.4 (38.7–143.8) | 83.7 (34.7–130.7) | 111.0 (41.7–167.5) | 0.035 |
Total dairy (g/1000 kcal) | 203 (138–296) | 193 (138–291) | 209 (147–299) | 0.202 |