Table 2 Comparison of ESKAPEEc and non-ESKAPEEc bloodstream infections among hospitalized children
Variable | ESKAPEEC n = 174 | Non-ESKAPEEC n = 54 | Univariate analysis | Logistic Regression Analysis# | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P Value | P Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
Male, No. (%) | 71 (40.8) | 25 (46.3) | 0.475 | Â | Â |
Age (m), Median (IQR) | 2.5 (0.5–12.3) | 32.7 (8–100.4) | < 0.001 | 0.367 | 1.004 (0.995–1.014) |
Presence of any underlying disease, No. (%) | 111 (63.8) | 14 (25.9) | < 0.001 |  |  |
Premature and/or low birth weight, No. (%) | 55 (31.6) | 5 (9.3) | 0.001 | 0.036 | 2.981 (1.076–8.257) |
Tumor diseases, No. (%) | 29 (16.7) | 0 | < 0.001 | 0.262 | 2.476 (0.508–12.077) |
Aplastic anemia, No. (%) | 3 (1.7) | 2 (3.7) | 0.737 | Â | Â |
Congenital heart disease, No. (%) | 11 (6.3) | 1 (1.9) | 0.349 | Â | Â |
Lung disease, No. (%) | 12 (6.9) | 1 (1.9) | 0.289 | Â | Â |
Digestive disease, No. (%) | 15 (8.6) | 1 (1.9) | 0.163 | Â | Â |
Kidney disease, No. (%) | 4 (2.3) | 1 (1.9) | 1.000 | Â | Â |
Other diseases, No. (%) | 11 (6.3) | 3 (5.6) | 1.000 | Â | Â |
Nosocomial infection, No. (%) | 56 (32.2) | 4 (7.4) | < 0.001 | 0.579 | 1.39 (0.435–4.447) |
Previous surgery and/ or trauma (within 3 months), No. (%) | 24 (13.8) | 2 (3.7) | 0.042 | 0.029 | 5.71 (1.191–27.384) |
Previous hospitalization (within 1 month), No. (%) | 33 (19.0) | 7 (13.0) | 0.311 |  |  |
Previous antibiotic use (within 1 month), No. (%) | 45 (25.9) | 27 (50.0) | 0.001 |  |  |
Penicillins, No. (%) | 8 (4.6) | 7 (13.0) | 0.064 | Â | Â |
Cephalosporins, No. (%) | 21 (12.1) | 18 (33.3) | < 0.001 | 0.168 | 0.558 (0.243–1.279) |
β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combination regimens, No. (%) | 18 (10.3) | 3 (5.6) | 0.427 |  |  |
Carbapenems, No. (%) | 6 (3.4) | 2 (3.7) | 1.000 | Â | Â |
Macrolides, No. (%) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (5.6) | 0.065 | Â | Â |
Glycopeptides, No. (%) | 8 (4.6) | 0 | 0.238 | Â | Â |
Others, No. (%) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (5.6) | 0.065 | Â | Â |
Likely source of infections | |||||
 Lung infection, No. (%) | 31 (17.8) | 23 (42.6) | < 0.001 | 0.098 | 0.533 (0.254–1.122) |
 Abdominal infection, No. (%) | 27 (15.5) | 5 (9.3) | 0.247 |  |  |
 Urinary infection, No. (%) | 26 (14.9) | 1 (1.9) | 0.009 | 0.004 | 10.6 (2.118–53.044) |
 Intracranial infection, No. (%) | 2 (1.1) | 9 (16.7) | < 0.001 | 0.037 | 0.198 (0.043–0.906) |
 Skin or soft tissue infection, No. (%) | 20 (11.5) | 1 (1.9) | 0.061 |  |  |
 Primary BSI, No. (%) | 75 (43.1) | 16 (29.6) | 0.077 |  |  |
Laboratory findings | |||||
 White blood cell count (*10^9),Median (IQR) | 9.4 (5.0–13.7) | 11.1 (6.4–17.0) | 0.106 |  |  |
 Neutrophil percentage, Median (IQR) | 56.0 (33.9–71.8) | 56.9 (37.4–76.5) | 0.370 |  |  |
 Hemoglobin (g/L), Median (IQR) | 108.0 (93.0–144.5) | 106.0 (90.3–125.0) | 0.272 |  |  |
 Platelet count ((*10^9), Median (IQR) | 209 (111–323) | 341 (168–439) | < 0.001 | 0.142 | 0.999 (0.997–1.000) |
 C-reactive protein (mg/dL), Median (IQR) | 15.0 (3.0–85.3) | 26.5 (10.0–116.6) | 0.017 | 0.704 | 1.001 (0.995–1.007) |
 Elevated ALT, No. (%) | 56 (32.2) | 20 (37.0) | 0.509 |  |  |
 Elevated AST, No. (%) | 90 (51.7) | 21 (38.9) | 0.099 |  |  |
Severity of BSI | |||||
 MODS, No. (%) | 15 (8.6) | 6 (11.1) | 0.777 |  |  |
 Septic shock, No. (%) | 13 (7.5) | 2 (3.7) | 0.508 |  |  |
 Mechanical ventilation, No. (%) | 44 (25.3) | 13 (24.1) | 0.857 |  |  |
 PICU admission, No. (%) | 31 (17.8) | 9 (16.7) | 0.846 |  |  |
 Length of hospital stay (days), Median (IQR) | 20.5 (10.0–31.0) | 14.0 (8.8–23.0) | 0.023 |  |  |
 7-day mortality | 14 (8.0) | 4 (7.4) | 0.879 |  |  |
 Overall mortality | 25 (14.4) | 7 (13.0) | 0.795 |  |  |
 Inappropriate empirical treatment, No. (%) | 46 (27.4)* | 4 (7.4) | 0.003 |  |  |