Table 1 Characteristics of each study group
From: Th cytokine profile in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Variable | cSLE (n = 33) | Active cSLE (n = 17) | Inactive cSLE (n = 16) | Control (n = 30) | Pad | Pbd | Pcd | Pbc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||||
 Female sex (%) | 27 (81.82) | 16 (94.12) | 11 (68.75) | 25 (83.33) | 1.000 | 0.396 | 0.283 | 0.085 |
 Age (years) | 13.00 (11.00–15.00) | 13.00 (12.00–14.00) | 12.50 (11.00–17.00) | 13.00 (11.00–14.00) | 0.293 | 0.367 | 0.358 | 0.870 |
 Age at disease onset (years) | 11.21 ± 2.52 | 11.82 ± 1.74 | 10.56 ± 3.08 | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Disease duration (months) | 6.00 (1.25–36.00) | 2.00 (0.00–30.00) | 30.00 (3.50–72.00) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 SLEDAI-2 K score | 8.48 ± 5.85 | 13.53 ± 3.38 | 3.13 ± 1.20 | NA |  |  |  |  |
Clinical manifestations | ||||||||
 Malar erythema (%) | 19 (57.58) | 14 (82.35) | 5 (31.25) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Nephritis (%) | 25 (75.76) | 13 (76.47) | 12 (75.00) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Mucocutaneous disorder (%) | 2 (6.06) | 2 (11.76) | 0 (0.00) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Arthritis (%) | 3 (9.09) | 3 (17.65) | 0 (0.00) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Haematological disorder (%) | 6 (18.18) | 4 (23.53) | 2 (12.50) | NA |  |  |  |  |
Laboratory features | ||||||||
 Anti-dsDNA (%) | 15 (45.45) | 11 (64.71) | 4 (25.00) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Low C3 (%) | 18 (54.55) | 14 (82.35) | 4 (25.00) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Low C4 (%) | 16 (48.48) | 10 (58.82) | 6 (37.50) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 CD4+/CD8+ inversion | 33 (69.70) | 14 (82.35) | 9 (56.25) | NA |  |  |  |  |
Medications | ||||||||
 Prednisone (%) | 27 (81.82) | 15 (88.24) | 12 (75.00) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Hydroxychloroquine (%) | 23 (69.70) | 10 (58.82) | 13 (81.25) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Cyclophosphamide (%) | 13 (39.39) | 10 (58.82) | 2 (12.50) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Mycophenolate mofetil (%) | 16 (48.48) | 11 (64.71) | 5 (31.25) | NA |  |  |  |  |
 Methotrexate (%) | 1 (3.03) | 1 (5.88) | 0 (0.00) | NA |  |  |  |  |