Table 7 Parameter estimation using multivariate logistic regression model of stunting, underweight, and wasting
Variables | Stunting | Underweight | Wasting | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
est.(se) | OR (95% CI) | est.(se) | OR (95% CI) | est.(se) | OR (95% CI) | |
Intercept | 0.433(0.433) | 0.648(0.277,1.516) | 0.604(0..474) | 0.546(0.216,1.382) | _1.699(0.662) | 0.183(0.050,0.669) |
Region | ||||||
North Central(a) | ||||||
North East | 0.560(0.085) | 1.750(1.481,2.069) | 0.340(0.101) | 1.405(1.154,1.711) | 0.108(0.162) | 1.114(0.812,1.530) |
North West | 0.909(0.095) | 2.482(2.060,2.991) | 0.644(0.109) | 1.904(1.539,2.355) | 0.068(0.173) | 1.070(0.763,1.501) |
South East | 0.377(0.198) | 1.459(0.989,2.151) | 0.215(0.239) | 1.239(0.776,1.980) | _0.073(0.341) | 0.930(0.476,1.815) |
South South | 0.068(0.128) | 1.071(0.833,1.376) | 0.114(0.165) | 1.121(0.811,1.550) | 0.095(0.257) | 1.100(0.664,1.821) |
South West | 0.075(0.124) | 1.078(0.845,1.376) | 0.104(0.155) | 1.109(0.818,1.504) | _0.131(0.259) | 0.878(0.528,1.458) |
Residence | ||||||
Urban(a) | ||||||
Rural | 0.105(0.060) | 1.111(0.988,1.248) | 0.164(0.069) | 1.178(1.029,1.350) | 0.093(0.111) | 1.099(0.883,1.365) |
Religion | ||||||
Catholic(a) | ||||||
Other Christian | 0.098(0.100) | 1.103(0.906,1.344) | 0.197(0.127) | 1.218(0.949,1.563) | 0.022(0.188) | 1.022(0.706,1.478) |
Islam | 0.296(0.121) | 1.345(1.061,1.704) | 0.350(0.151) | 1.419(1.054,1.911) | 0.057(0.240) | 1.058(0.661,1.693) |
Others | 0.189(0.283) | 0.828(0.475,1.441) | 0.053(0.356) | 0.949(0.472,1.908) | 0.001(0.323) | 1.001(0.295,3.391) |
Wealth Index | ||||||
Poorest(a) | ||||||
Poorer | 0.100(0.073) | 0.905(0.784,1.043) | 0.163(0.076) | 0.849(0.731,0.986) | _0.282(0.120) | 0.754(0.596,0.955) |
Middle | 0.270(0.080) | 0.763(0.652,0.893) | 0.252(0.088) | 0.778(0.655,0.923) | _0.193(0.139) | 0.825(0.629,1.082) |
Richer | 0.583(0.094) | 0.558(0.465,0.670) | 0.489(0.107) | 0.613(0.497,0.756) | _0.386(0.172) | 0.680(0.486,0.952) |
Richest | 0.937(0.115) | 0.392(0.313,0.491) | 0.617(0.134) | 0.540(0.415,0.701) | _0.240(0.208) | 0.786(0.523,1.182) |
Multiple Birth | ||||||
Single birth(a) | ||||||
1st of multiple | 0.445(0.172) | 1.560(1.113,2.186) | 0.321(0.193) | 1.380(0.944,2.015) | 0.317(0.297) | 1.373(0.766,2.459) |
2nd of multiple | 0.652(0.194) | 1.919(1.312,2.806) | 0.756(0.204) | 2.131(1.428,3.179) | 0.358(0.331) | 1.431(0.747,2.738) |
ever | ||||||
No(a) | ||||||
Yes | 0.027(0.058) | 0.973(0.869,1.089) | 0.107(0.062) | 1.113(0.985,1.257) | 0.243(0.096) | 1.275(1.055,1.539) |
Child Age | ||||||
0–5(a) | ||||||
6–11 | 0.022(0.104) | 0.979(0.799,1.199) | 0.120(0.114) | 1.127(0.902,1.409) | 0.178(0.182) | 1.195(0.837,1.706) |
12–33 | 0.041(0.090) | 0.959(0.803,1.145) | 0.040(0.101) | 0.961(0.788,1.171) | 0.102(0.162) | 1.107(0.806,1.520) |
24–35 | 0.007(0.090) | 1.008(0.844,1.203) | 0.048(0.101) | 0.953(0.782,1.162) | 0.184(0.160) | 1.202(0.878,1.645) |
36–47 | 0.027(0.090) | 1.028(0.861,1.227) | 0.020(0.101) | 0.981(0.804,1.195) | _0.039(0.164) | 0.962(0.697,1.328) |
48–59 | 0.034(0.090) | 1.034(0.867,1.232) | 0.051(0.101) | 0.951(0.781,1.158) | 0.100(0.161) | 1.105(0.806,1.514) |
Education levels of women | ||||||
No education(a) | ||||||
Primary | 0.0198(0.077) | 1.020(0.877,1.186) | 0.223(0.088) | 0.800(0.672,0.951) | _0.123(0.148) | 0.885(0.662,1.183) |
Secondary and above | 0.300(0.081) | 0.741(0.632,0.868) | 0.316(0.096) | 0.729(0.604,0.880) | 0.010(0.154) | 1.010(0.747,1.366) |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Ekoi(a) | ||||||
Fulani | 0.245(0.410) | 0.783(0.351,1.748) | 0.638(0.445) | 0.528(0.221,1.264) | _0.788(0.614) | 0.455(0.136,1.516) |
Hausa | 0.085(0.407) | 0.919(0.414,2.042) | 0.619(0.443) | 0.539(0.226,1.283) | _0.518(0.609) | 0.595(0.180,1.965) |
Ibibo | 0.437(0.434) | 0.646(0.276,1.510) | 0.769(0.476) | 0.463(0.182,1.179) | _0.810(0.662) | 0.445(0.122,1.628) |
Igala | 0.274(0.468) | 0.760(0.304,1.901) | 2.045(0.680) | 0.129(0.034,0.490) | _2.276(1.170) | 0.103(0.010,1.018) |
Igbo:1 | 0.652(0.428) | 0.521(0.225,1.204) | 0.704(0.466) | 0.495(0.200,1.233) | _0.584(0.631) | 0.558(0.162,1.923) |
Ijaw/Izon | 0.094(0.411) | 0.910(0.407,2.038) | 0.710(0.454) | 0.492(0.202,1.196) | _1.728(0.712) | 0.178(0.044,0.718) |
Kanuri/Beriberi | 0.165(0.429) | 0.848(0.366,1.964) | 0.296(0.463) | 0.744(0.300,1.843) | _0.290(0.629) | 1.336(0.390,4.581) |
Tiv | 0.545(0.430) | 0.580(0.249,1.347) | 1.106(0.486) | 0.331(0.128,0.857) | _0.577(0.653) | 0.562(0.156,2.019) |
Yoruba | 0.017(0.415) | 1.017(0.451,2.293) | 0.510(0.455) | 0.600(0.246,1.464) | _0.873(0.636) | 0.4178(0.120,1.453) |
Others | −0.166 (0.397) | 0.849(0.390,1.844) | − 0.890(0.431) | 0.411(0.176,0.956) | _.034(0.588) | 0.356(0.112,1.126) |
Body mass index of women | ||||||
Thin(a) | ||||||
Medium | 0.106(0.078) | 0.900(0.773,1.047) | 0.501(0.079) | 0.606(0.519,0.707) | _.0.555(0.111) | 0.574(0.462,0.713) |
Overweight | 0.459(0.091) | 0.632(0.529,0.755) | 0.946(0.100) | 0.388(0.319,0.472) | _1.011(0.155) | 0.365(0.270,0.495) |
Sex of child | ||||||
Male(a) | ||||||
Female | 0.220(0.047) | 0.802(0.732,0.879) | 0.143(0.052) | 0.867(0.782,0.961) | _.0.394(0.084) | 0.675(0.572,0.796) |
Cough | ||||||
No(a) | ||||||
Yes | 0.054(0.067) | 0.947(0.830,1.080) | 0.020(0.075) | 0.980(0.847,1.135) | _.0.049(0.114) | 1.050(0.840,1.314) |
Source of drinking water. | ||||||
Unimproved(a) | ||||||
Improved | 0.032(0.053) | 0.968(0.872,1.073) | 0.012(0.059) | 0.988(0.881,1.108) | 0.036(0.093) | 1.037(0.864,1.244) |
Household Size | ||||||
Small (1–4)(a) | ||||||
Medium (5–9) | 0.055(0.069) | 1.056(0.922,1.210) | 0.153(0.800) | 0.859(0.733,1.005) | 0.225(0.127) | 0.799(0.622,1.025) |
Large (10 and more):1 | 0.227(0.097) | 1.255(1.038,1.518) | 0.108(0.109) | 0.898(0.725,1.112) | 0.353(0.176) | 0.702(0.498,0.991) |
Education levels of household | ||||||
No education(a) | ||||||
Primary | 0.059(0.081) | 1.061(0.905,1.243) | 0.083(0.089) | 0.920(0.773,1.096) | 0.222(0.146) | 0.801(0.602,1.066) |
Secondary and above | 0.055(0.072) | 0.946(0.822,1.089) | 0.065(0.079) | 0.938(0.803,1.095) | 0.093(0.128) | 0.911(0.710,1.170) |
Breast Feeding | ||||||
No(a) | ||||||
Yes | 0.274(0.050) | 0.760(0.689,0.839) | 0.025(0.056) | 0.976(0.874,1.088) | 0.362(0.090) | 1.436(1.203,1.714) |
Anemia | ||||||
No(a) | ||||||
Yes | 0.324(0.053) | 1.387(1.247,1.533) | 0.329(0.062) | 1.389(1.231,1.568) | 0.328(0.102) | 1.389(1.137,1.696) |
Number of under five | ||||||
One(a) | ||||||
Two | 0.104(0.062) | 1.109(0.981,1.254) | 0.008(0.072) | 1.008(0.874,1.162) | _0.061(0.116) | 0.941(0.750,1.181) |
Three and more | 0.184(0.079) | 1.202(1.030,1.402) | 0.133(0.089) | 1.142(0.959,1.360) | 0.096(0.141) | 1.101(0.834,1.452) |
Birth order | ||||||
1st(a) | ||||||
2–3 | 0.004(0.074) | 1.004(0.868,1.160) | 0.062(0.085) | 1.064(0.900,1.258) | _0.068(0.132) | 0.935(0.721,1.211) |
4–5 | 0.063(0.083) | 1.065(0.905,1.252) | 0.067(0.096) | 1.069(0.886,1.290) | 0.022(0.150) | 1.023(0.762,1.373) |
6 and more | 0.030(0.087) | 1.031(0.869,1.223) | 0.219(0.098) | 1.245(1.026,1.509) | 0.191(0.154) | 1.210(0.895,1.637) |
Diarrhea | ||||||
No(a) | ||||||
Yes | 0.258(0.070) | 1.295(1.129,1.484) | 0.413(0.073) | 1.512(1.311,1.744) | 0.364(0.108) | 1.439(1.164,1.780) |
Mothers’ Age at first birth | ||||||
< 20(a) | ||||||
20–34 | 0.148(0.052) | 0.863(0.779,0.955) | 0.280(0.057) | 1.324(1.185,1.479) | 0.411(0.086) | 1.509(1.275,1.786) |
35–49 | 0.868(0.419) | 0.420(0.184,0.955) | 0.346(0.471) | 0.708(0.281,1.783) | 0.616(0.582) | 1.852(0.592,5.795) |
Dependency | Odds Ratio (OR) | P-value | ||||
Stunting/Underweight | 15.796 | 0.0001 | ||||
Stunting/Wasting | 1.132 | 0.1767 | ||||
Underweight/wasting | 16.750 | 0.0001 | ||||