Table 6 Bivariate analysis on the association between covariates and each anthropometric indicator
Covariates | Stunting | p-value | Underweight | p-value | Wasting | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes(%) | No(%) | Yes(%) | No(%) | Yes(%) | No(%) | ||||
Age of child | |||||||||
0–5 | 405(9.9) | 709(9.8) | 251(10.4) | 863(9.7) | 74(9.8) | 1040(9.9) | |||
6–11 | 418(10.2) | 745(10.3) | 268(11.1) | 895(10.1) | 80(10.6) | 1083(10.3) | |||
12–23 | 789(19.2) | 1446(20.0) | 468(19.3) | 1767(19.9) | 156(20.6) | 2079(19.7) | |||
24–35 | 808(19.7) | 1379(19.1) | 0.920 | 470(19.4) | 1717(19.3) | 0.467 | 155(20.4) | 2032(20.1) | 0.820 |
36–47 | 823(20.1) | 1438(19.9) | 488(20.1) | 1773(19.9) | 138(18.2) | 2123(20.1) | |||
48–59 | 858(20.9) | 1496(20.7) | 479(19.8) | 1875(21.1) | 155(20.4) | 2199(20.8) | |||
Sex of child male female | 2220(54.1) | 3512(48.7) | 1293(53.3) | 4439(49.9) | 448(59.1) | 5284(50.1) | |||
1881(45.9) | 3701(51.3) | 0.000 | 1131(46.7) | 4451(50.1) | 0.002 | 310(40.9) | 5272(49.9) | 0.000 | |
No. of children(< 5 yrs) one two | 949(23.1) | 2093(29.0) | 0.000 | 559(23.1) | 2483(27.9) | 0.000 | 182(24.0) | 2860(27.1) | 0.008 |
1641(40.0) | 3103(43.0) | 949(39.2) | 3795(42.7) | 302(39.8) | 4442(42.1) | ||||
three and more | 1511(36.8) | 2017(28.0) | 916(37.8) | 2612(29.4) | 274(36.1) | 3254(30.8) | |||
Residence | |||||||||
Urban | 1154(28.1) | 3277(45.4) | 657(27.1) | 3774(42.5) | 228(30.1) | 4203(39.8) | |||
Rural | 2947(71.9) | 3936(54.6) | 0.000 | 1767(72.9) | 5116(57.6) | 0.000 | 530(69.9) | 6353(60.2) | 0.000 |
Region | |||||||||
North central | 566(13.8) | 1427(19.8) | 294(12.1) | 1699(19.1) | 106(14.0) | 1887(17.9) | |||
North East | 976(23.8) | 1029(14.3) | 585(24.1) | 1420(16.0) | 188(24.8) | 1817(17.2) | |||
North West | 1575(38.4) | 1150(15.9) | 984(40.6) | 1741(19.6) | 257(33.9) | 2468(23.4) | |||
South East | 319(7.8) | 1342(18.6) | 0.000 | 187(7.7) | 1474(16.6) | 0.000 | 81(10.7) | 1580(15.0) | 0.000 |
South South | 282(6.9) | 983(13.6) | 149(6.1) | 1116(12.6) | 52(6.9) | 1213(11.5) | |||
South West | 383(9.3) | 1282(17.8) | 225(9.3) | 1440(16.2) | 74(9.8) | 1591(15.1) | |||
Household size small (1–4) medium(5–9) | 848(20.7) | 2026(28.1) | 534(22.0) | 2340(26.3) | 187(24.7) | 2687(25.5) | |||
2187(53.3) | 4161(57.7) | 0.000 | 5089(57.2) | 1259(51.9) | 0.000 | 410(54.1) | 5938(56.3) | 0.130 | |
large(10 and more) | 1066(26.0) | 1026(14.2) | 631(26.0) | 1461(16.4) | 161(21.2) | 1931(18.3) | |||
Source of drinking water | 1860(45.4) | 2412(33.4) | 0.000 | 1089(44.9) | 3183(35.8) | 0.000 | 321(42.3) | 3951(37.4) | 0.004 |
unimproved improved | 2241(54.6) | 4801(66.6) | 1335(55.1) | 5707(64.2) | 437(57.7) | 6605(62.6) | |||
Breast feeding | |||||||||
No | 1934(47.2) | 3256(45.1) | 1037(42.8) | 4153(46.7) | 256(33.8) | 4934(46.7) | |||
Yes | 2167(52.8) | 3957(54.9) | 0.020 | 1387(57.2) | 4737(53.3) | 0.000 | 502(66.2) | 5622(53.3) | 0.000 |
Birth order | |||||||||
1st | 650(15.8) | 1527(21.2) | 383(15.8) | 1794(20.2) | 131(17.3) | 2046(19.4) | |||
2–3 | 1249(30.5) | 2641(36.6) | 741(30.6) | 3149(35.4) | 236(31.1) | 3654(34.6) | |||
4–5 | 1023(24.9) | 1707(23.7) | 0.000 | 563(23.2) | 2167(24.4) | 0.000 | 174(23.0) | 2556(24.2) | 0.000 |
6 and more | 1179(28.7) | 1338(18.5) | 737(30.4) | 1780(20.0) | 217(28.6) | 2300(21.8) | |||
Multiple birth | |||||||||
Single birth | 3926(95.7) | 7032(97.5) | 2310(95.3) | 8648(97.3) | 726(95.8) | 10,232(96.9) | |||
1st of multiple | 94(2.3) | 104(1.4) | 0.000 | 57(2.4) | 141(1.6) | 0.000 | 16(2.1) | 182(1.7) | 0.160 |
2nd of multiple | 81(2.0) | 77(1.1) | 57(2.4) | 101(1.1) | 16(2.1) | 142(1.3) | |||
Cough | |||||||||
No | 3422(83.4) | 5967(82.7) | 2009(82.9) | 7380(83.0) | 608(80.2) | 8781(83.2) | |||
Yes | 679(16.6) | 1246(17.3) | 0.329 | 415(17.1) | 1510(17.0) | 0.875 | 150(19.8) | 1775(16.8) | 0.035 |
Fever | |||||||||
No | 2851(69.5) | 5525(76.6) | 1620(66.8) | 6756(76.0) | 485(64.0) | 7891(74.8) | |||
Yes | 1250(30.5) | 1688(23.4) | 0.000 | 804(33.2) | 2134(24.0) | 0.000 | 273(36.0) | 2665(25.2) | 0.000 |
Diarrhea | |||||||||
No | 3399(82.9) | 6483(89.9) | 1944(80.2) | 7938(89.3) | 601(79.3) | 9281(87.9) | |||
Yes | 702(17.1) | 730(10.1) | 0.000 | 480(19.8) | 952(10.7) | 0.000 | 157(20.7) | 1275(12.1) | 0.000 |
Anemia Not anemic | 974(25.0) | 2243(35.9) | 0.000 | 502(22.4) | 2715(34.4) | 0.000 | 144(21.2) | 3073(32.5) | 0.000 |
Anemic | 2916(75.0) | 4006(64.1) | 1735(77.6) | 5187(65.6) | 535(78.8) | 6387(67.5) | |||
Religion | |||||||||
Catholic | 234(5.7) | 935(13.0) | 129(5.3) | 1040(11.7) | 55(7.3) | 1114(10.6) | |||
Other Christian | 967(23.6) | 3169(43.9) | 519(21.4) | 3617(40.7) | 192(25.3) | 3944(37.4) | |||
Islam | 2871(70.0) | 3037(42.1) | 0.000 | 1762(72.7) | 4146(46.6) | 0.000 | 508(67.0) | 5400(51.2) | 0.000 |
Traditionalist and others | 29(0.7) | 72(1.0) | 14(0.6) | 87(1.0) | 3(0.4) | 98(0.9) | |||
Mothers’ Age at 1st birth | |||||||||
< 20 | 2931(71.5) | 5069(70.3) | 1582(65.3) | 6418(42.2) | 460(60.7) | 7540(71.4) | |||
20–34 | 1158(28.2) | 2110(29.3) | 0.172 | 833(34.4) | 2435(27.4) | 0.000 | 295(38.9) | 2973(28.2) | 0.000 |
35–49 | 12(0.3) | 34(0.5) | 9(0.4) | 37(0.4) | 3(0.4) | 43(0.4) | |||
Mothers’ education level | |||||||||
No education | 2302(56.1) | 1974(27.4) | 1461(60.3) | 2815(31.7) | 412(54.4) | 3864(36.6) | |||
Primary | 710(17.3) | 1203(16.7) | 0.000 | 344(14.2) | 1569(17.6) | 0.000 | 101(13.3) | 1812(17.2) | 0.000 |
Secondary and higher | 1089(26.6) | 4036(56.0) | 619(25.5) | 4506(50.7) | 245(32.3) | 4880(46.2) | |||
Husbands’ education level | |||||||||
No education | 1746(44.3) | 1510(22.2) | 1107(47.3) | 2149(25.5) | 321(44.0) | 2935(29.3) | |||
Primary | 626(15.9) | 979(14.4) | 0.000 | 338(14.5) | 1267(15.1) | 0.000 | 95(13.0) | 1510(15.1) | 0.000 |
Secondary and higher | 1567(39.8) | 4325(63.5) | 893(38.2) | 4999(59.4) | 314(43.0) | 5578(55.7) | |||
Mothers’ Body mass index | |||||||||
Thin | 527(13.0) | 541(7.5) | 421(17.5) | 647(7.3) | 154(20.4) | 914(8.7) | |||
Medium | 2816(69.3) | 4249(59.2) | 0.000 | 1625(67.7) | 5440(61.6) | 0.000 | 482(63.8) | 6583(62.8) | 0.000 |
Overweight | 720(17.7) | 2382(33.2) | 353(14.7) | 2749(31.1) | 119(15.8) | 2983(28.5) | |||
Wealth index poorest poorer middle | 1229(30.0) | 996(13.8) | 0.000 | 786(32.4) | 1439(16.2) | 0.000 | 233(30.7) | 1992(18.9) | |
1065(26.0) | 1193(16.5) | 612(25.2) | 1646(18.5) | 168(22.2) | 2090(19.8) | ||||
910(22.2) | 1592(22.1) | 506(20.9) | 1996(22.5) | 162(21.4) | 2340(22.2) | 0.000 | |||
richer | 594(14.5) | 1808(25.1) | 332(13.7) | 2070(23.3) | 118(15.6) | 2284(21.6) | |||
richest | 303(7.4) | 1624(22.5) | 188(7.8) | 1739(19.6) | 77(10.2) | 1850(17.5) | |||
Ethnicity | |||||||||
Ekoi | 14(0.3) | 44(0.6) | 8(0.3) | 50(0.6) | 4(0.5) | 54(0.5) | |||
Fulani | 462(11.3) | 429(5.9) | 316(13.0) | 575(6.5) | 81(10.7) | 810(7.7) | |||
Hausa | 1623(39.6) | 1323(18.3) | 1004(41.4) | 1942(21.8) | 284(37.5) | 2662(25.2) | |||
Ibibo | 42(1.0) | 159(2.2) | 25(1.0) | 176(2.0) | 10(1.3) | 191(1.8) | |||
Igala | 26(0.6) | 86(1.2) | 5(0.2) | 107(1.2) | 2(0.3) | 110(1.0) | |||
Igbo | 341(8.3) | 1582(21.9) | 0.000 | 210(8.7) | 1713(19.3) | 0.000 | 94(12.4) | 1829(17.3) | 0.000 |
Ijaw/Izon | 82(2.2) | 254(3.5) | 44(1.8) | 292(3.3) | 8(1.1) | 328(3.1) | |||
Kanuri/Beriberi | 126(3.1) | 115(1.6) | 95(3.9) | 146(1.6) | 48(6.3) | 193(1.8) | |||
Tiv | 60(1.5) | 216(3.0) | 29(1.2) | 247(2.8) | 18(2.4) | 258(2.4) | |||
Yoruba | 351(8.6) | 1093(15.2) | 204(8.4) | 1240(13.9) | 64(8.4) | 1380(13.1) | |||
Others | 974(23.8) | 1912(26.5) | 484(20.0) | 2402(27.0) | 145(19.1) | 2741(26.0) | |||